Ultrasmall Mn-doped iron oxide nanoparticles with dual hepatobiliary and renal clearances for MR liver imaging.

Although magnetic nanoparticles demonstrate significant potential as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, their negative contrasts, liver accumulation, and limited excretion hinder their application. Herein, we developed ultrasmall Mn-doped iron oxide nanoparticles (UMIOs) with distinct advantages as MRI contrast agents. Exceptionally small particle sizes ( 2 nm) and magnetization values (5 emu g) of UMIOs provided optimal contrast effects with an ideally low / value of ∼1. Furthermore, the use of Mn as a dopant facilitated hepatocyte uptake of the particles, allowing liver imaging. In animal studies, UMIOs exhibited significantly enhanced contrasts for sequential imaging of blood vessels and the liver, distinguishing them from conventional magnetic nanoparticles. UMIOs were systematically cleared dual hepatobiliary and renal excretion pathways, highlighting their safety profile. These characteristics imply substantial potential of UMIOs as contrast agents for the accurate diagnosis of liver diseases.