Win Mya Nila, Yee Khin Than, Htwe Kyae Mhon, Thin Ei Ei, Win Su Mon, Kyaw Aung Myat, Aye Myo Myo, Khaing Kyaw Kyaw, Thwe Wai Myat, Htwe Khin Khin, Zaw Aung
Myanma Pharmaceutical Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar.
Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar.
Toxicon X. 2024 Apr 3;22:100196. doi: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100196. eCollection 2024 Jun.
Snakebite is a neglected public health issue, with many scientific and medical issues to be solved. Cobras are among the most common venomous snakes in Myanmar and are responsible for a considerable number of severe snakebite envenoming. There are three species of cobra (, and ) in Myanmar. The study aims to characterize the and venoms and to investigate the efficacy of anti-cobra antivenom (BPI) against the two venoms. Protein components and fibrinogenolytic activity were determined by SDS-PAGE. Enzymatic activities for PLA, protease and acetylcholinesterase were determined by spectrophotometric method. Anticoagulant activity was determined by recalcification time of citrated human plasma. Myotoxicity, necrotizing activity, median lethal dose (LD) and median effective dose (ED) were determined by WHO recommended methods. The SDS-PAGE displayed the proteins and enzymes containing in two venoms were different. venom exhibited more in PLA, acetylcholinesterase, anticoagulant, fibrinogenolytic and necrotizing activities than venom. mandalayensis venom had more protease activity and myotoxicity than venom. The median lethal dose (LD) of and venom was 4.33 μg/mouse and 5.04 μg/mouse respectively. Both venoms induced fibrinogen Aα chain degradation in 30 min () and in 6 h (). The same median effective dose (ED) (19.56 μg/mouse) showed that anti-NK antivenom can neutralize against lethal effect of venom. It can also neutralize the protease activity, anticoagulant activity and fibrinogenolytic activity of both venoms. Immunodiffusion and immunoblotting studies showed that the antivenom recognized its homologous venom () and cross-reacted against the heterologous venom (). The anti-NK antivenom is suitable to use for bite if monospecific antivenom is not available.
蛇咬伤是一个被忽视的公共卫生问题，有许多科学和医学问题有待解决。眼镜蛇是缅甸最常见的毒蛇之一，导致相当数量的严重蛇咬伤中毒事件。缅甸有三种眼镜蛇（、和）。本研究旨在鉴定和毒液的特征，并研究抗眼镜蛇抗蛇毒血清（BPI）对这两种毒液的疗效。通过SDS-PAGE测定蛋白质成分和纤维蛋白溶解活性。通过分光光度法测定PLA、蛋白酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶活性。通过枸橼酸化人血浆的复钙时间测定抗凝活性。通过世界卫生组织推荐的方法测定肌毒性、坏死活性、半数致死剂量（LD）和半数有效剂量（ED）。SDS-PAGE显示两种毒液所含的蛋白质和酶不同。毒液在PLA、乙酰胆碱酯酶、抗凝、纤维蛋白溶解和坏死活性方面比毒液表现得更多。曼德勒眼镜蛇毒液比毒液具有更多的蛋白酶活性和肌毒性。和毒液的半数致死剂量（LD）分别为4.33μg/小鼠和5.04μg/小鼠。两种毒液在30分钟（）和6小时（）内均诱导纤维蛋白原Aα链降解。相同的半数有效剂量（ED）（19.56μg/小鼠）表明抗NK抗蛇毒血清可以中和毒液的致死作用。它还可以中和两种毒液的蛋白酶活性、抗凝活性和纤维蛋白溶解活性。免疫扩散和免疫印迹研究表明，抗蛇毒血清识别其同源毒液（）并与异源毒液（）发生交叉反应。如果没有单特异性抗蛇毒血清，抗NK抗蛇毒血清适用于咬伤。
