Bourgi Rim, Kharouf Naji, Cuevas-Suárez Carlos Enrique, Lukomska-Szymanska Monika, Kharma Khalil, Moussa Fabienne Hajj, Metlej Manar, Haikel Youssef, Hardan Louis
Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2024 Mar 24;9(4):194. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics9040194.
Solvent evaporation within an adhesive layer is a crucial step during a bonding process. The aim of this current research was to test whether the use of different air temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C) for solvent evaporation improves the performance of four adhesive systems to dentin. Sixty non-carious human molar teeth were randomly prepared for micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) tests. Four different adhesive systems, Prime&Bond Universal (PBU), OptiBond Universal (OBU), OptiBond FL (OBFL), and Clearfil SE (CSE), were applied following the manufacturer's instructions. Three groups based on the air-drying temperature were used: solvent evaporation was performed with either of warm (40 °C), (60 °C), and cold air as control group (20 °C) for 10 s at a distance of 5 cm. In all bonded surfaces, three resin composite (Reflectys, Itena Clinical, Paris, France) layers of 2 mm thickness were built up. The resin-dentin samples were kept in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h and 6 months, respectively, before μTBS testing. Failure analysis, scanning electron microscopy of resin-dentin bonded interface, and solvent evaporation rate were tested as secondary variables. All analyses were conducted using a significance level of α = 0.05. Bond strength (BS) values were similar among all the adhesive systems used ( > 0.05). Also, the aging factor did not affect the BS ( > 0.05). Only the factor of temperature used for solvent evaporation resulted in a statistically significant effect ( < 0.05), with the temperature of 60 °C being the highest value ( < 0.05). A failure mode evaluation revealed mostly adhesive or mixed modes of failures in all the different temperatures of air used for the solvent evaporation of each adhesive system. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the creation of resin tags varied amongst the temperatures evaluated. For all adhesive systems tested, the use of 40 °C or 60 °C air for solvent evaporation led to an increased mass loss. Warmer temperatures for solvent evaporation contributed positively to bonding performance, enhancing both the quality of the adhesive layer and its interaction with the dentin tissue. Optimizing solvent evaporation with warmer air temperatures (40 °C and 60 °C) significantly improved µTBS, offering a practical means to enhance the quality and longevity of adhesive restorations in esthetic dentistry.
在粘结过程中，粘合剂层内的溶剂蒸发是关键步骤。本研究的目的是测试使用不同空气温度（20°C、40°C和60°C）进行溶剂蒸发是否能提高四种粘合剂系统与牙本质的粘结性能。随机选取60颗无龋人类磨牙用于微拉伸粘结强度（μTBS）测试。按照制造商说明应用四种不同的粘合剂系统，即通用型Prime&Bond（PBU）、通用型OptiBond（OBU）、OptiBond FL（OBFL）和Clearfil SE（CSE）。基于空气干燥温度分为三组：以温暖空气（40°C）、（60°C）中的一种进行溶剂蒸发，对照组为冷空气（20°C），在距离5 cm处持续10 s。在所有粘结表面，构建三层厚度为2 mm的树脂复合材料（Reflectys，Itena Clinical，法国巴黎）。在进行μTBS测试前，将树脂 - 牙本质样本分别在37°C蒸馏水中保存24小时和6个月。将失效分析、树脂 - 牙本质粘结界面的扫描电子显微镜观察以及溶剂蒸发速率作为次要变量进行测试。所有分析的显著性水平为α = 0.05。所用的所有粘合剂系统的粘结强度（BS）值相似（>0.05）。此外，老化因素对BS无影响（>0.05）。仅用于溶剂蒸发的温度因素产生了统计学上的显著影响（<0.05），60°C时的值最高（<0.05）。失效模式评估显示，在用于每种粘合剂系统溶剂蒸发的所有不同空气温度下，大多为粘结或混合模式的失效。在评估的温度中，粘合剂层的厚度和树脂突的形成各不相同。对于所有测试的粘合剂系统，使用40°C或60°C空气进行溶剂蒸发会导致质量损失增加。较高温度的溶剂蒸发对粘结性能有积极作用，可提高粘合剂层的质量及其与牙本质组织的相互作用。用较高空气温度（40°C和60°C）优化溶剂蒸发可显著提高μTBS，为提高美容牙科中粘结修复体的质量和使用寿命提供了一种实用方法。
