Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Cell. 2024 Apr 25;187(9):2052-2078. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.037.
Adaptive immunity provides protection against infectious and malignant diseases. These effects are mediated by lymphocytes that sense and respond with targeted precision to perturbations induced by pathogens and tissue damage. Here, we review key principles underlying adaptive immunity orchestrated by distinct T cell and B cell populations and their extensions to disease therapies. We discuss the intracellular and intercellular processes shaping antigen specificity and recognition in immune activation and lymphocyte functions in mediating effector and memory responses. We also describe how lymphocytes balance protective immunity against autoimmunity and immunopathology, including during immune tolerance, response to chronic antigen stimulation, and adaptation to non-lymphoid tissues in coordinating tissue immunity and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss extracellular signals and cell-intrinsic programs underpinning adaptive immunity and conclude by summarizing key advances in vaccination and engineering adaptive immune responses for therapeutic interventions. A deeper understanding of these principles holds promise for uncovering new means to improve human health.
适应性免疫可提供针对传染病和恶性疾病的保护。这些作用是由淋巴细胞介导的，其能针对病原体和组织损伤诱导的扰动进行靶向精准感应和响应。在这里，我们综述了由不同 T 细胞和 B 细胞群体协调的适应性免疫的关键原则，以及它们在疾病治疗中的扩展。我们讨论了在免疫激活和淋巴细胞功能中塑造抗原特异性和识别的细胞内和细胞间过程，以介导效应和记忆应答。我们还描述了淋巴细胞如何平衡保护性免疫与自身免疫和免疫病理之间的关系，包括在免疫耐受、对慢性抗原刺激的反应以及协调组织免疫和内稳态中非淋巴组织中的适应过程。最后，我们讨论了适应性免疫的细胞外信号和细胞内程序，并总结了疫苗接种和工程适应性免疫反应以进行治疗干预的关键进展。深入了解这些原则有望为改善人类健康提供新方法。
