Tucis Davis, Hopkins Georgina, Browne William, James Victoria, Onion David, Fairclough Lucy C
School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Apr 19;25(8):4492. doi: 10.3390/ijms25084492.
Allergies affect approximately 10-30% of people worldwide, with an increasing number of cases each year; however, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested to play a role in allergic sensitization and skew to a T helper type 2 (Th2) response. The aim of this review is to highlight the existing evidence of EV involvement in allergies. A total of 22 studies were reviewed; 12 studies showed EVs can influence a Th2 response, while 10 studies found EVs promoted a Th1 or Treg response. EVs can drive allergic sensitization through up-regulation of pro-Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13. In addition, EVs from MRSA can induce IgE hypersensitivity in mice towards MRSA. On the other hand, EVs can induce tolerance in the immune system; for example, pre-exposing OVA-loaded EVs prevented OVA sensitization in mice. The current literature thus suggests that EVs play an essential role in allergy. Further research utilizing human in vitro models and clinical studies is needed to give a reliable account of the role of EVs in allergy.
全球约10%-30%的人受到过敏影响，且病例数逐年增加；然而，其潜在机制仍知之甚少。近年来，细胞外囊泡（EVs）被认为在过敏致敏过程中发挥作用，并偏向于辅助性T细胞2型（Th2）反应。本综述的目的是强调EVs参与过敏的现有证据。共审查了22项研究；12项研究表明EVs可影响Th2反应，而10项研究发现EVs促进了Th1或调节性T细胞（Treg）反应。EVs可通过上调促Th2细胞因子（如白细胞介素-4和白细胞介素-13）来驱动过敏致敏。此外，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的EVs可在小鼠中诱导对MRSA的IgE超敏反应。另一方面，EVs可诱导免疫系统产生耐受性；例如，预先暴露于负载卵清蛋白（OVA）的EVs可防止小鼠对OVA致敏。因此，当前文献表明EVs在过敏中起重要作用。需要利用人体体外模型和临床研究进行进一步研究，以可靠地说明EVs在过敏中的作用。
