Vingiani S, Buttafuoco G, Fagnano M, Guarino A, Perreca C, Albanese S
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, NA, Italy.
National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Rende, CS, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jul 10;933:172398. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172398. Epub 2024 Apr 25.
Soil contamination in outdoor shooting ranges (OSRs) is a major threat for human health, particularly when, after the end of activities, the land is used for recreational areas or agricultural production. The status of land degradation of an OSR in southern Italy was assessed using a multisensor approach. It was based on: i) proximal sensors, including electromagnetic induction (EMI) for measuring soil electrical conductivity (ECa) and magnetic susceptibility (MSa), γ-ray spectrometry for K, eU and eTh analyses and ultrasonic penetrometry detecting cone index (CI) data representative of soil's strength, ii) field surveys on soil thickness (ST), and iii) laboratory analyses of potentially-toxic-elements (PTEs) by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas-chromatography. Spatial variability of measurements was modelled and mapped using geostatistical methods. The most densely measured covariate (i.e., the ECa of the topsoil) was used within kriging with external drift to improve the PTEs predictions. The PTEs maps were complemented by maps of spatial uncertainty. A robust multivariate principal component analysis (rPCA) was applied to proximal sensor and laboratory data and allowed to identify associations of PAHs, lead, CI with the topsoil ECa along the first component (PC1), highlighting the correlation between land anthropogenic effects and EMI measures; while the association between the ST (estimating the depth of underground travertine hard-layers) and the bottom soil ECa and MSa along the second component (PC2) evidenced the influence of soil stratigraphy on the EMI measures. This study demonstrates that the simultaneous use of different proximal sensors associated with laboratory analysis can allow to assess and model the spatial variability of the land degradation status of an OSR, including soil compaction, organic and inorganic contamination. The correlation between EMI data with the PTEs content highlights the potential of this technique in the field of soil contamination.
室外射击场（OSR）的土壤污染对人类健康构成重大威胁，特别是在活动结束后，这片土地被用于休闲区域或农业生产时。采用多传感器方法评估了意大利南部一个室外射击场的土地退化状况。该方法基于：i）近距离传感器，包括用于测量土壤电导率（ECa）和磁化率（MSa）的电磁感应（EMI）、用于钾、等效铀和等效钍分析的γ射线光谱法以及用于检测代表土壤强度的锥入指数（CI）数据的超声波贯入仪；ii）土壤厚度（ST）的实地调查；iii）通过便携式X射线荧光光谱法对潜在有毒元素（PTE）进行实验室分析以及通过气相色谱法对多环芳烃（PAH）进行实验室分析。使用地统计方法对测量的空间变异性进行建模和绘图。在带外部漂移的克里金法中使用测量最密集的协变量（即表层土壤的ECa）来改进PTE的预测。PTE地图辅以空间不确定性地图。对近距离传感器和实验室数据应用了稳健的多元主成分分析（rPCA），并能够识别多环芳烃、铅、CI与沿第一主成分（PC1）的表层土壤ECa之间的关联，突出了土地人为影响与EMI测量之间的相关性；而沿第二主成分（PC2）的土壤厚度（估计地下钙华硬层的深度）与底层土壤ECa和MSa之间的关联证明了土壤地层对EMI测量的影响。这项研究表明同时使用与实验室分析相关的不同近距离传感器可以评估和模拟室外射击场土地退化状况的空间变异性，包括土壤压实、有机和无机污染。EMI数据与PTE含量之间的相关性突出了该技术在土壤污染领域的潜力。
