Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jul 1;932:172556. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172556. Epub 2024 Apr 27.
This study reviewed scientific literature on inhalation exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in various indoor and outdoor environments and related carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. A systematic search in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases yielded 712 results and 43 articles met the requirements of the Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes (PECO) criteria. Results revealed that HM concentrations in most households exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values, indicating moderate pollution and dominant anthropogenic emission sources of HMs. In the analyzed schools, universities, and offices low to moderate levels of air pollution with HMs were revealed, while in commercial environments high levels of air pollution were stated. The non-carcinogenic risk due to inhalation HM exposure exceeded the acceptable level of 1 in households, cafes, hospitals, restaurants, and metros. The carcinogenic risk for As and Cr in households, for Cd, Cr, Ni, As, and Co in educational environments, for Pb, Cd, Cr, and Co in offices and commercial environments, and for Ni in metros exceeded the acceptable level of 1 × 10. Carcinogenic risk was revealed to be higher indoors than outdoors. This review advocates for fast and effective actions to reduce HM exposure for safer breathing.
本研究回顾了关于在各种室内和室外环境中吸入重金属 (HM) 以及相关致癌和非致癌风险的科学文献。通过在 Web of Science、Scopus、PubMed、Embase 和 Medline 数据库中进行系统搜索，共获得了 712 项结果，其中 43 篇文章符合人群、暴露、对照和结局 (PECO) 标准的要求。结果表明，大多数家庭的 HM 浓度超过了世界卫生组织 (WHO) 的指导值，表明存在中度污染和主要人为 HM 排放源。在所分析的学校、大学和办公室中，发现空气污染程度较低至中度，存在 HM，但在商业环境中则表明空气污染程度较高。由于吸入 HM 暴露而导致的非致癌风险超过了 1 的可接受水平，这在家庭、咖啡馆、医院、餐馆和地铁站中都有所体现。家庭中砷和铬的致癌风险、教育环境中镉、铬、镍、砷和钴的致癌风险、办公室和商业环境中铅、镉、铬和钴的致癌风险，以及地铁站中镍的致癌风险均超过了 1×10-6 的可接受水平。室内的致癌风险高于室外。本综述主张采取快速有效的行动来减少 HM 暴露，以实现更安全的呼吸。
