Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Air Pollution Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 10;16(24):5017. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245017.
Classrooms Air Conditioner Filter (CACF) particles represent all of the exposed particles that have migrated to the interior environment. This study was conducted to assess the heavy metals contamination in CACF particles from Jeddah primary schools located in urban, suburban and residential areas; and to evaluate their health risks of children exposure (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic). Heavy metals levels in CACF particles of schools were in the following order: urban schools > suburban schools > residential schools. Fe, Mn and Zn were the dominant species. Geo-accumulation index (I), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) values indicated that the contamination levels was in the following order Cd > Pb > Zn > As > Cu > Ni > Mn > Cr > Co >V > Fe. School CACF particles was moderately contaminated with As and Zn and moderately to heavily contaminated with Pb and Cd. Enrichment factors (EFs) indicated that Zn, Cd, Pb, As and Cu in CACF particles were severe enriched. The hazard quotient (HQs) and hazards index (HI) values for heavy metals were lower than the acceptable level of one. As, Pb, Cr and Mn were exhibited high non-cancer effects for children. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR), HQs and HI values for the different exposure pathways of heavy metals decreased in the following order: ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk rank order of schools were urban schools > suburban schools > residential schools. The LCR and TLCR of heavy metals was in the following order: Co > Ni >Cr > Cd > As > Pb. The ingestion lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and TLCR values from exposure to Ni and Cr in urban and suburban schools, Cd in urban schools, and Co in all Jeddah schools only exceed the acceptable range (1 × 10-1 × 10) Only LCR and TLCR values from exposure to ∑ carcinogens exceed the acceptable level.
教室空调滤清器 (CACF) 颗粒代表迁移到室内环境的所有暴露颗粒。本研究旨在评估位于城市、郊区和住宅区的吉达小学 CACF 颗粒中的重金属污染，并评估儿童接触 (非致癌和致癌) 的健康风险。学校 CACF 颗粒中的重金属水平顺序为：城市学校>郊区学校>住宅学校。Fe、Mn 和 Zn 是主要物种。地质累积指数 (I)、污染因子 (CF) 和污染负荷指数 (PLI) 值表明，污染水平顺序为 Cd>Pb>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Mn>Cr>Co>V>Fe。学校 CACF 颗粒受到中等程度的 As 和 Zn 污染，以及中等至严重程度的 Pb 和 Cd 污染。富集因子 (EF) 表明，CACF 颗粒中的 Zn、Cd、Pb、As 和 Cu 严重富集。重金属的危害商 (HQs) 和危害指数 (HI) 值均低于 1。As、Pb、Cr 和 Mn 对儿童表现出高非致癌效应。不同暴露途径的重金属终生癌症风险 (LCR) 和终生总癌症风险 (TLCR)、HQs 和 HI 值按以下顺序降低：摄入>皮肤接触>吸入。不同学校的致癌和非致癌风险等级顺序为：城市学校>郊区学校>住宅学校。重金属的 LCR 和 TLCR 值顺序为：Co>Ni>Cr>Cd>As>Pb。城市和郊区学校摄入暴露于 Ni 和 Cr、城市学校摄入暴露于 Cd 以及吉达所有学校摄入暴露于 Co 的终生癌症风险 (LCR) 和终生癌症风险 (TLCR) 值仅超过可接受范围 (1×10-1×10-6)。仅暴露于∑致癌物的 LCR 和 TLCR 值超过可接受水平。
