College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University.
Department of Marine Technology, Rizhao Polytechnic; Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Marine Crustacean Resources Comprehensive Utilization; Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Utilization Technology of Marine Food Resources; Rizhao Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Marine Food Resources.
J Oleo Sci. 2024;73(5):729-742. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess24003.
Astaxanthin is a keto-based carotenoid mainly obtained from marine organisms, like Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis). Previous studies indicated the protective effects of Astaxanthin and H. pluvialis on aging related oxidative injury in liver, while the potential mechanisms are largely unknown. In addition, H. pluvialis residue is a by-product after astaxanthin extraction, which is rarely studied and utilized. The present study aimed to compare the effects of astaxanthin, H. pluvialis and H. pluvialis residue on the oxidant injury of liver in D-galactose-induced aging mice and explore the potential mechanisms through gut-liver axis. The results showed that all the three supplements prevented D-galactose-induced tissue injury, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in liver and improved liver function. Gut microbiota analysis indicated that astaxanthin notably increased fecal levels of Bacteroidetes, unclassified_f__ Lachnospiraceae, norank_f__Lachnospiraceae, norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014, Prevotellaceae_ UCG-001, unclassified_f__Prevotellaceae in D-galactose-fed mice (p < 0.05). Compared to aging mice, H. pluvialis group had higher fecal levels of norank_f__Lachnospiraceae and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 (p < 0.05). H. pluvialis residue group displayed higher relative levels of Bacteroidetes, Streptococcus, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the production of fecal microbial metabolites, like SCFAs and LPS was also differently restored by the three supplements. Overall, our results suggest astaxanthin, H. pluvialis and H. pluvialis residue could prevent aging related hepatic injury through gutliver axis and provide evidence for exploiting of H. pluvialis residue as a functional ingredient for the treatment of liver diseases. Future studies are needed to further clarify the effect and mechanism of dominant components of H. pluvialis residue on liver injury, which is expected to provide a reference for the high-value utilization of H. pluvialis resources.
虾青素是一种基于酮的类胡萝卜素，主要从海洋生物中提取，如雨生红球藻（H. pluvialis）。先前的研究表明虾青素和 H. pluvialis 对肝脏与衰老相关的氧化损伤具有保护作用，但其潜在机制尚不清楚。此外，雨生红球藻残渣是虾青素提取后的副产品，很少有研究和利用。本研究旨在比较虾青素、H. pluvialis 和 H. pluvialis 残渣对 D-半乳糖诱导衰老小鼠肝脏氧化损伤的影响，并通过肠-肝轴探讨其潜在机制。结果表明，三种补充剂均能预防 D-半乳糖诱导的组织损伤、氧化应激和慢性炎症，改善肝功能。肠道微生物组分析表明，虾青素显著增加了 D-半乳糖喂养小鼠粪便中拟杆菌门、未分类_f__Lachnospiraceae、norank_f__Lachnospiraceae、norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014、普雷沃氏菌科_UCG-001、未分类_f__Prevotellaceae 的水平（p<0.05）。与衰老小鼠相比，H. pluvialis 组粪便中 norank_f__Lachnospiraceae 和 Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 的水平更高（p<0.05）。H. pluvialis 残渣组中拟杆菌门、链球菌属和 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group 的相对丰度更高（p<0.05）。此外，三种补充剂还不同程度地恢复了粪便微生物代谢产物，如短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）和脂多糖（LPS）的产生。综上所述，本研究结果表明，虾青素、H. pluvialis 和 H. pluvialis 残渣可通过肠-肝轴预防与衰老相关的肝损伤，并为开发 H. pluvialis 残渣作为治疗肝脏疾病的功能性成分提供依据。未来需要进一步研究 H. pluvialis 残渣中优势成分对肝损伤的作用和机制，为雨生红球藻资源的高值化利用提供参考。
