Pradhan Dharmendra, Sahu Prafulla Kumar, Purohit Sukumar, Ranajit Santosh Kumar, Acharya Biswajeet, Sangam Shreya, Shrivastava Amit Kumar
School of Pharmacy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 617, Massachusetts, USA.
Curr Diabetes Rev. 2025;21(8):e030524229631. doi: 10.2174/0115733998291870240408043837.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an alarming health concern, affecting approximately 537 million people worldwide. As a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, DM demands a comprehensive understanding of its diverse pathophysiological mechanisms and disease progression.
This traditional review has consolidated literature on the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia, its progression into complications, and advances in optimal treatment strategies. The literature in the last two decades has been reviewed using several keywords, including "diabetes," "diabetes-associated complications", "novel therapeutic interventions for diabetes-associated diseases", "phyto-extracts as antidiabetic drugs", etc. in prominent databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov.
We have discussed macrovascular and microvascular complications, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), stroke, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, as well as various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that are currently available for the management of DM. We have also focused on the potential of natural products in targeting molecular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin production, repair of pancreatic cells, and reduction of oxidative stress, thereby contributing to their antidiabetic activity. Additionally, novel therapeutic approaches, like genetic, stem cell, and immunomodulatory therapies, have been explored. We have also discussed the benefits and limitations of each intervention, emerging research and technologies, and precision medicine interventions.
This review has emphasized the need for an improved understanding of these advancements, which is essential to enhance clinicians' ability to identify the most effective therapeutic interventions.
糖尿病（DM）是一个令人担忧的健康问题，全球约有5.37亿人受其影响。作为发病和死亡的主要原因，糖尿病需要全面了解其多样的病理生理机制和疾病进展。
本传统综述整合了关于高血糖发病机制、其进展为并发症以及最佳治疗策略进展的文献。使用了几个关键词对过去二十年的文献进行了综述，这些关键词包括“糖尿病”、“糖尿病相关并发症”、“糖尿病相关疾病的新型治疗干预措施”、“植物提取物作为抗糖尿病药物”等，检索了诸如PubMed、Scopus、谷歌学术、科学网和ClinicalTrials.gov等知名数据库。
我们讨论了大血管和微血管并发症，如动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病、外周动脉疾病（PAD）、中风、糖尿病肾病、视网膜病变和神经病变，以及目前可用于管理糖尿病的各种药物和非药物干预措施。我们还重点关注了天然产物在靶向参与碳水化合物代谢、胰岛素产生、胰腺细胞修复和氧化应激降低的分子机制方面的潜力，从而有助于它们的抗糖尿病活性。此外，还探索了基因治疗、干细胞治疗和免疫调节治疗等新型治疗方法。我们还讨论了每种干预措施的益处和局限性、新兴研究和技术以及精准医学干预措施。
本综述强调了加强对这些进展的理解的必要性，这对于提高临床医生识别最有效治疗干预措施的能力至关重要。
