Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Medical Research Foundation Building (M570), GPO Box X2213, Perth, WA, 6847, Australia.
Curr Hypertens Rep. 2024 Oct;26(10):409-417. doi: 10.1007/s11906-024-01310-7. Epub 2024 May 7.
International guidelines emphasize advice to incorporate dietary measures for the prevention and in the management of hypertension. Current data show that modest reductions in weight can have an impact on blood pressure. Reducing salt and marine oils have also shown consistent benefit in reducing blood pressure. Whether other dietary constituents, in particular the amount and type of fat that play important roles in cardiovascular prevention, influence blood pressure sufficiently to be included in the management of hypertension is less certain. In this review, we provide a summary of the most recent findings, with a focus on dietary patterns, fats and other nutrients and their impact on blood pressure and hypertension.
Since reducing salt consumption is an established recommendation only corollary dietary advice is subject to the current review. Population studies that have included reliable evaluation of fat intake have indicated almost consistently blood pressure lowering with consumption of marine oils and fats. Results with vegetable oils are inconclusive. However dietary patterns that included total fat reduction and changes in the nature of vegetable fats/oils have suggested beneficial effects on blood pressure. Plant-based foods, dairy foods and yoghurt particularly, may also lower blood pressure irrespective of fat content. Total fat consumption is not directly associated with blood pressure except when it is part of a weight loss diet. Consumption of marine oils has mostly shown moderate blood pressure lowering and possibly greatest effect with docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil.
国际指南强调建议将饮食措施纳入高血压的预防和治疗中。目前的数据表明，适度减轻体重可以对血压产生影响。减少盐和海洋油的摄入也已被证明可以持续降低血压。其他饮食成分，特别是在心血管预防中起重要作用的脂肪的量和类型，是否足以对血压产生影响并被纳入高血压的治疗中，则不太确定。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最新的发现，重点介绍了饮食模式、脂肪和其他营养素及其对血压和高血压的影响。
由于减少盐的摄入是一项既定的建议，因此仅对相应的饮食建议进行综述。包含可靠的脂肪摄入量评估的人群研究几乎一致表明，食用海洋油和脂肪会降低血压。植物油的结果则不一致。然而，包括总脂肪减少和植物脂肪/油性质变化在内的饮食模式表明对血压有有益的影响。植物性食物、乳制品和酸奶，特别是，也可能降低血压，而与脂肪含量无关。总脂肪的消耗与血压没有直接关联，除非它是减肥饮食的一部分。海洋油的摄入主要显示出适度降低血压的效果，并且可能在富含二十二碳六烯酸的油中效果最大。
