Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Children's Health Discovery Initiative, Duke School of Medicine, North Carolina, United States.
Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Jul 1;352:124110. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124110. Epub 2024 May 7.
Due to differences in chemical properties and half-lives, best practices for exposure assessment may differ for legacy versus novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Our objective was to identify the environment matrix that best predicted biomarkers of children's BFR exposures. Paired samples were collected from children aged 3-6 years and their homes, including dust, a small piece of polyurethane foam from the furniture, and a handwipe and wristband from each child. Biological samples collected included serum, which was analyzed for 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and urine, which was analyzed for tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA), a metabolite of 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB). Significant positive correlations were typically observed between BFRs measured in dust, handwipes and wristbands, though wristbands and handwipes tended to be more strongly correlated with one another than with dust. PBDEs, EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP were detected in 30% of the sofa foam samples, suggesting that the foam was treated with PentaBDE or Firemaster® 550/600 (FM 550/600). PBDEs were detected in all serum samples and TBBA was detected in 43% of urine samples. Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between the environmental samples and serum for PBDEs. Urinary TBBA was 6.86 and 6.58 times more likely to be detected among children in the highest tertile of EH-TBB exposure for handwipes and wristbands, respectively (95 % CI: 2.61, 18.06 and 1.43, 30.05 with p < 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). The presence of either PentaBDE or FM 550/600 in furniture was also associated with significantly higher levels of these chemicals in dust, handwipes and serum (for PBDEs) and more frequent detection of TBBA in urine (p = 0.13). Our results suggest that children are exposed to a range of BFRs in the home, some of which likely originate from residential furniture, and that silicone wristbands are a practical tool for evaluating external exposure to both legacy and novel BFRs.
由于化学性质和半衰期的差异，针对传统和新型溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）的暴露评估最佳实践可能不同。我们的目标是确定最能预测儿童 BFR 暴露生物标志物的环境矩阵。从 3-6 岁儿童及其家庭中采集配对样本，包括灰尘、家具上一小块聚氨酯泡沫以及每个孩子的手部擦拭物和腕带。收集的生物样本包括血清，用于分析 11 种多溴二苯醚（PBDEs），以及尿液，用于分析四溴苯甲酸（TBBA），这是 2-乙基己基-2,3,4,5-四溴苯甲酸酯（EH-TBB）的代谢物。通常在灰尘、手部擦拭物和腕带中测量的 BFR 之间观察到显著的正相关，尽管腕带和手部擦拭物彼此之间的相关性往往强于与灰尘的相关性。在 30%的沙发泡沫样本中检测到 PBDEs、EH-TBB 和 BEH-TEBP，这表明泡沫用五溴二苯醚或 Firemaster® 550/600（FM 550/600）进行了处理。所有血清样本中均检测到 PBDEs，43%的尿液样本中检测到 TBBA。在环境样本与血清之间观察到 PBDEs 存在显著的正相关。在手部擦拭物和腕带中 EH-TBB 暴露最高三分位的儿童中，尿液中 TBBA 的检出率分别高出 6.86 和 6.58 倍（95%CI：2.61, 18.06 和 1.43, 30.05，p<0.001 和 0.02）。家具中存在五溴二苯醚或 FM 550/600 也与灰尘、手部擦拭物和血清中这些化学物质的水平显著升高（对于 PBDEs）以及尿液中 TBBA 的更频繁检出（p=0.13）相关。我们的研究结果表明，儿童在家中接触到一系列 BFRs，其中一些可能源自住宅家具，并且硅树脂腕带是评估传统和新型 BFRs 外部暴露的实用工具。
