Smith Stephanie F, Brewer Daniel S, Hurst Rachel, Cooper Colin S
Metabolic Health Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK.
Cancers (Basel). 2024 Apr 28;16(9):1717. doi: 10.3390/cancers16091717.
Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer among men in the UK, causing significant health and economic burdens. Diagnosis and risk prognostication can be challenging due to the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of prostate cancer as well as uncertainties in our knowledge of the underlying biology and natural history of disease development. Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microscopic, lipid bilayer defined particles released by cells that carry a variety of molecular cargoes including nucleic acids, proteins and other molecules. Urine is a plentiful source of prostate-derived EVs. In this narrative review, we summarise the evidence on the function of urinary EVs and their applications in the evolving field of prostate cancer diagnostics and active surveillance. EVs are implicated in the development of all hallmarks of prostate cancer, and this knowledge has been applied to the development of multiple diagnostic tests, which are largely based on RNA and miRNA. Common gene probes included in multi-probe tests include and , and the miRNAs miR-21 and miR-141. The next decade will likely bring further improvements in the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers as well as insights into molecular biological mechanisms of action that can be translated into opportunities in precision uro-oncology.
前列腺癌是英国男性中最常见的非皮肤癌，会造成重大的健康和经济负担。由于前列腺癌的基因和临床异质性，以及我们对疾病发展的潜在生物学和自然史认识的不确定性，诊断和风险预后可能具有挑战性。尿细胞外囊泡（EVs）是细胞释放的微小脂质双层界定颗粒，携带包括核酸、蛋白质和其他分子在内的多种分子物质。尿液是前列腺来源的EVs的丰富来源。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们总结了关于尿EVs功能及其在前列腺癌诊断和主动监测这一不断发展领域中的应用的证据。EVs与前列腺癌所有特征的发展都有关联，这一认识已应用于多种诊断测试的开发，这些测试主要基于RNA和miRNA。多探针测试中包含的常见基因探针包括 和 ，以及miRNA miR-21和miR-141。未来十年可能会进一步提高生物标志物的诊断准确性，并深入了解分子生物学作用机制，这些机制可转化为精准泌尿肿瘤学的机遇。
