Li Kuiju, Han Kezhu, Teri Gele, Tian Yuxiao, Cui Menglei, Qi Yunpeng, Li Yuhu
Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
Northwest Nonferrous Survey and Engineering Company, Xi'an 710000, China.
Materials (Basel). 2024 May 6;17(9):2170. doi: 10.3390/ma17092170.
This study analyzes the pigments and binders used in the painted wooden structure of DaZhong Gate in the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province, China. Five samples were collected from the building and analyzed using techniques such as polarized light microscopy (PLM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy (m-RS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The findings reveal that the red, yellow, green, and blue pigments are identified as lead red, lead chromate yellow, emerald green, and ultramarine, respectively. The white pigment is determined to be a combination of chalk and lead white or anglesite. Considering the production period of the yellow and green pigments, it is inferred that architectural paintings underwent restoration or repainting during the late Qing Dynasty. The analysis of the binder in the pigment using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) reveals that the binder employed is a protein-based glue. Additionally, the detected presence of Heat-bodied tung oil suggests a potential connection to traditional Chinese painting techniques on wooden surfaces. This discovery not only contributes to the historical research of the Confucius Temple but also provides crucial data for the conservation and restoration efforts of this culturally significant heritage site.
本研究分析了中国山东省曲阜孔庙大中门彩绘木结构中使用的颜料和粘合剂。从该建筑中采集了五个样本，并使用偏光显微镜（PLM）、能量色散X射线光谱（EDX）、显微拉曼光谱（m-RS）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）等技术进行分析。研究结果表明，红色、黄色、绿色和蓝色颜料分别被鉴定为铅丹、铬酸铅黄、翠绿和群青。白色颜料被确定为白垩与铅白或硫酸铅矿的混合物。考虑到黄色和绿色颜料的生产时期，推测建筑彩绘在晚清时期进行过修复或重绘。使用热解气相色谱/质谱联用仪（Py-GC/MS）对颜料中的粘合剂进行分析，结果显示所使用的粘合剂是一种蛋白质基胶水。此外，检测到的熟桐油表明其可能与木质表面的传统中国画技法有关。这一发现不仅有助于孔庙的历史研究，也为这一具有重要文化意义的遗产地的保护和修复工作提供了关键数据。
