Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iași, Carol I bvd. 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania.
Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 May 2;25(9):4981. doi: 10.3390/ijms25094981.
We are living in an era of advanced nanoscience and nanotechnology. Numerous nanomaterials, culminating in nanorobots, have demonstrated ingenious applications in biomedicine, including breast cancer (BC) nano-theranostics. To solve the complicated problem of BC heterogeneity, non-targeted drug distribution, invasive diagnostics or surgery, resistance to classic onco-therapies and real-time monitoring of tumors, nanorobots are designed to perform multiple tasks at a small scale, even at the organelles or molecular level. Over the last few years, most nanorobots have been bioengineered as biomimetic and biocompatible nano(bio)structures, resembling different organisms and cells, such as urchin, spider, octopus, fish, spermatozoon, flagellar bacterium or helicoidal cyanobacterium. In this review, readers will be able to deepen their knowledge of the structure, behavior and role of several types of nanorobots, among other nanomaterials, in BC theranostics. We summarized here the characteristics of many functionalized nanodevices designed to counteract the main neoplastic hallmark features of BC, from sustaining proliferation and evading anti-growth signaling and resisting programmed cell death to inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, preventing genomic instability, avoiding immune destruction and deregulating autophagy. Most of these nanorobots function as targeted and self-propelled smart nano-carriers or nano-drug delivery systems (nano-DDSs), enhancing the efficiency and safety of chemo-, radio- or photodynamic therapy, or the current imagistic techniques used in BC diagnosis. Most of these nanorobots have been tested in vitro, using various BC cell lines, as well as in vivo, mainly based on mice models. We are still waiting for nanorobots that are low-cost, as well as for a wider transition of these favorable effects from laboratory to clinical practice.
我们生活在先进的纳米科学和纳米技术时代。无数的纳米材料，最终以纳米机器人的形式，在生物医学领域展示了巧妙的应用，包括乳腺癌（BC）的纳米治疗学。为了解决乳腺癌异质性、非靶向药物分布、侵袭性诊断或手术、对经典肿瘤治疗的耐药性以及肿瘤的实时监测等复杂问题，纳米机器人被设计用于在小范围内执行多项任务，甚至在细胞器或分子水平上。在过去的几年中，大多数纳米机器人都被生物工程化为仿生和生物兼容的纳米（生物）结构，类似于不同的生物体和细胞，如海胆、蜘蛛、章鱼、鱼、精子、鞭毛菌或螺旋蓝细菌。在这篇综述中，读者将能够深入了解几种类型的纳米机器人（以及其他纳米材料）在乳腺癌治疗学中的结构、行为和作用。我们在这里总结了许多功能化纳米器件的特性，这些纳米器件旨在对抗乳腺癌的主要肿瘤特征，从维持增殖和逃避抗生长信号到抵抗程序性细胞死亡，再到诱导血管生成、激活侵袭和转移、防止基因组不稳定性、避免免疫破坏和调节自噬。这些纳米机器人中的大多数都作为靶向和自推进的智能纳米载体或纳米药物递送系统（纳米 DDS）发挥作用，提高了化疗、放疗或光动力疗法的效率和安全性，或者提高了当前用于乳腺癌诊断的成像技术的效率和安全性。这些纳米机器人中的大多数已经在体外使用各种乳腺癌细胞系进行了测试，并且主要在体内使用小鼠模型进行了测试。我们仍在等待成本更低的纳米机器人，以及将这些有利效果更广泛地从实验室过渡到临床实践。
