Singh Harshul, Gibb Bryan, Abdi Reta
Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Theobald Science Center, New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University (LIU) Greenville, NY 11548, USA.
Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet. 2024 Apr 15;15(2):12-21. doi: 10.62347/EJQK3362. eCollection 2024.
University campus communities consist of dynamic and diverse human populations originated from different regions of the country or the world. Their national/global movement to and from campus may contribute to the spread and buildup of methicillin-resistant (MR) bacteria, including MR (MRS) on high-touch surfaces, sinks, and toilets. However, studies on MR bacteria contamination of surfaces, sinks, and toilets are scarce in workplaces outside of healthcare settings. Hence, little is known whether university communities contaminate campus bathrooms by MR bacteria. This study evaluated the abundance, identity, and phylogenetics of MR bacteria grown on CHROMagar MRSA media from bathrooms at workplaces. We collected 21 sink and 21 toilet swab samples from 10 buildings on campus and cultured them on CHROMagar MRSA media, extracted DNA from MR bacteria colonies, sequenced PCR products of 16S and dnaJ primers, determined the sequence identities by BLAST search, and constructed a phylogenetic tree. Of 42 samples, 57.1% (24/42) harbored MR bacteria. MR bacteria were more prevalent on the sink (61.9%) than in the toilet (52.2%) and in male bathrooms (54.2%) than in female bathrooms (41.7%). The colony count on the bathroom surfaces of 42 samples varied in that 42.9% (18/42), 33.3, 14.3, and 9.5% of samples harbored 0, 100, and > 1000 MR bacteria colonies, respectively. Of MR bacteria sequenced, BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis showed that accounted for 60% of the MR bacteria and the rest were non-. Of carrying MR (n = 15), 53.3% were followed by (26.7%), (8%), and a newly discovered in 2020 (4%). Of non- MR bacteria, 20% accounted for . Campus bathrooms serve as a reservoir for diverse bacteria carrying MR, which pose a direct risk of infection and a potential source of horizontal gene transfer. To reduce the health risk posed by MR bacteria in high traffic areas such as bathrooms additional environmental monitoring and improved decontamination practices are needed.
大学校园社区由来自该国或世界不同地区的充满活力和多样化的人群组成。他们往返校园的国内/全球流动可能会导致耐甲氧西林（MR）细菌的传播和积聚，包括在高接触表面、水槽和马桶上的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRS）。然而，在医疗保健环境以外的工作场所，关于表面、水槽和马桶的MR细菌污染的研究很少。因此，对于大学社区是否会被MR细菌污染校园浴室知之甚少。本研究评估了从工作场所浴室的CHROMagar MRSA培养基上培养的MR细菌的丰度、种类和系统发育。我们从校园内10栋建筑中收集了21个水槽和21个马桶拭子样本，并在CHROMagar MRSA培养基上进行培养，从MR细菌菌落中提取DNA，对16S和dnaJ引物的PCR产物进行测序，通过BLAST搜索确定序列同一性，并构建系统发育树。在42个样本中，57.1%（24/42）含有MR细菌。MR细菌在水槽上（61.9%）比在马桶上（52.2%）更普遍，在男卫生间（54.2%）比在女卫生间（41.7%）更普遍。42个样本的浴室表面菌落计数各不相同，其中42.9%（18/42）、33.3%、14.3%和9.5%的样本分别含有0、100和>1000个MR细菌菌落。在测序的MR细菌中，BLAST搜索和系统发育分析表明，金黄色葡萄球菌占MR细菌的60%，其余为非金黄色葡萄球菌。在携带MR的金黄色葡萄球菌（n = 15）中，53.3%为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌，其次是甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（26.7%）、溶血葡萄球菌（8%）和2020年新发现的路邓葡萄球菌（4%）。在非金黄色葡萄球菌MR细菌中，20%为科赫葡萄球菌。校园浴室是多种携带MR细菌的储存库，这些细菌构成直接感染风险和水平基因转移的潜在来源。为了降低浴室等高流量区域中MR细菌带来的健康风险，需要进行额外的环境监测并改进去污措施。
