Hank Mikulas, Miratsky Petr, Ford Kevin R, Clarup Christian, Imal Osman, Verbruggen Ferdia Fallon, Zahalka Frantisek, Maly Tomas
Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States.
Front Physiol. 2024 Apr 26;15:1371134. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1371134. eCollection 2024.
Trunk and shoulder strength are consistently shown to be involved in performance limitations, as well as contributing to stability, power output, and reducing the risk of injury. Although their biomechanical interaction is a critical aspect for athletes, there is limited research on the relationship between trunk and shoulder strength in sports where upper body mechanics are critical for optimal performance. This study examined the differences and relationships between trunk rotational strength and shoulder rotational strength among athletes participating in mixed martial arts (MMA), tennis, swimming, and baseball. Maximal voluntary contraction tests were performed to evaluate strength of 39 professional adult male athletes from disciplines of MMA ( = 6), tennis ( = 11), swimming ( = 11) and baseball ( = 11). Peak force data were used in sports comparison and relationship analysis between trunk and shoulder rotation strength parameters. The findings revealed a complex and significant relationship between trunk and shoulder strength, with unique patterns for each athletic discipline. Tennis players exhibited a strong correlation between trunk bilateral differences and internal shoulder rotation, while other disciplines demonstrated a more balanced use of trunk asymmetry. Swimmers displayed the best interactions between trunk and shoulder overall, emphasizing the aquatic environment's biomechanical demands. In MMA, the strongest correlation was between shoulder internal and external rotation with the trunk, mainly due to the number of defensive movements in addition to offensive ones. Baseball pitchers showed a significant correlation between internal/external shoulder rotation strength ratio and trunk asymmetry. While no differences in peak force variables were found, unique relationships between trunk and shoulder rotational performance were discovered. The results suggest a long-term sport-specific adaptation of the trunk-shoulder interaction in sports that require upper limb power movements. It seems, that the relationship between the various parameters of trunk and shoulder was influenced by the movement stereotype of each sport. Therefore, recognition of sport-specific interactions is critical to the development of effective training programs that enhance performance and potentially reduce injury risk in different sports. Researchers and practitioners should focus on longitudinally monitoring fluctuations in TRS and SRS relationships throughout each sport season and examining potential associations with injury incidence.
躯干和肩部力量一直被证明与运动表现受限有关，同时也有助于稳定性、力量输出和降低受伤风险。尽管它们的生物力学相互作用对运动员来说是一个关键方面，但在上身力学对最佳表现至关重要的运动中，关于躯干和肩部力量之间关系的研究却很有限。本研究调查了参加综合格斗（MMA）、网球、游泳和棒球运动的运动员的躯干旋转力量和肩部旋转力量之间的差异及关系。对39名来自MMA（n = 6）、网球（n = 11）、游泳（n = 11）和棒球（n = 11）项目的成年职业男性运动员进行了最大自主收缩测试，以评估其力量。峰值力数据用于运动比较以及躯干和肩部旋转力量参数之间的关系分析。研究结果揭示了躯干和肩部力量之间复杂而显著的关系，每个运动项目都有其独特模式。网球运动员的躯干双侧差异与肩部内旋之间表现出很强的相关性，而其他项目则表现出对躯干不对称性的更均衡利用。游泳运动员总体上躯干和肩部之间的相互作用最佳，这突出了水环境的生物力学要求。在综合格斗中，肩部内旋和外旋与躯干之间的相关性最强，这主要是由于除了进攻动作外还有大量防守动作。棒球投手的肩部内/外旋转力量比与躯干不对称性之间存在显著相关性。虽然在峰值力变量上未发现差异，但发现了躯干和肩部旋转表现之间的独特关系。结果表明，在需要上肢力量运动的项目中，躯干 - 肩部相互作用存在长期的特定运动适应性。似乎，躯干和肩部的各种参数之间的关系受到每个运动项目的运动模式的影响。因此，认识特定运动的相互作用对于制定有效的训练计划至关重要，这些计划可以提高表现并潜在降低不同运动中的受伤风险。研究人员和从业者应专注于纵向监测每个运动赛季中TRS和SRS关系的波动，并检查与受伤发生率的潜在关联。
