The association between ferroptosis-related patterns and tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer.

Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death (RCD), exhibits distinct characteristics such as iron-dependence and lipid peroxidation accumulation (ROS), setting it apart from other types of cell death like apoptosis and necrosis. Its role in cancer biology is increasingly recognized, particularly its potential interaction with tumor microenvironment (TME) and CD8 T cells in cancer immunotherapy. However, the impact of ferroptosis on TME cell infiltration remains unclear. In this study, we conducted unsupervised clustering analysis on patient data from public databases, identifying three ferroptosis patterns with distinct TME cell infiltration characteristics: immune-inflamed, immune-excluded, and immune-desert phenotypes. We developed a ferroptosis score based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among these patterns, which correlated with various biological features including chemotherapy-resistance and immune cells infiltration. Despite patients with high ferroptosis scores exhibiting worse prognosis, they showed increased likelihood of benefiting from immunotherapy. Our findings highlight the importance of ferroptosis-related patterns in understanding TME cell infiltration and suggest novel strategies for drug combinations and immune-related therapies.