CMEC, within GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, United Kingdom.
PLoS One. 2024 May 16;19(5):e0300371. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300371. eCollection 2024.
Chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae) are a distinctive group of reptiles, mainly found in Africa, which have high local endemism and face significant threats from the international wildlife trade. We review the scale and structure of international chameleon trade, with a focus on collection in and exports from Tanzania; a hotspot of chameleon diversity. Analysis used data from the CITES Trade Database 2000-2019, combined with assessment of online trade, and on-the-ground surveys in Tanzania in 2019. Between 2000 and 2019, 1,128,776 live chameleons from 108 species were reported as exported globally, with 193,093 of these (from 32 species) exported by Tanzania. Both global and Tanzanian chameleon exports declined across the study period, driven by decreased trade in generalist genera. Whilst the proportion of captive-bred individuals increased across time for the generalist taxa, the majority of range-restricted taxa in trade remained largely wild-sourced. For Tanzanian exports, 41% of chameleons were from one of the 23 endemic species, and 10 of the 12 Tanzanian endemic species in trade are categorised as threatened with extinction by IUCN. In terms of online trade, of the 42 Tanzanian species assessed, there was evidence of online sale for 83.3% species, and 69% were actively for sale with prices listed. Prices were on average highest for Trioceros species, followed by Kinyongia, Rieppeleon, Rhampholeon, and Chameleo. Field work in Tanzania provided evidence that the historic harvest of endemic chameleon species has been higher than the quantities of these species reported as exported by Tanzania in their annual trade reports to CITES. However, we found no field evidence for trade in 2020 and 2021, in line with Tanzanian regulations that applied a blanket ban on all exports of live wild animals. Literature evidence, however, suggests that illegal trade continued to Europe from seizures of Tanzanian chameleon species in Austria in 2021.
变色龙（家族 Chamaeleonidae）是一组独特的爬行动物，主要分布在非洲，具有高度的地方特有性，并面临着国际野生动植物贸易的重大威胁。我们回顾了国际变色龙贸易的规模和结构，重点关注坦桑尼亚的收集和出口；这是变色龙多样性的热点地区。分析使用了 2000 年至 2019 年 CITES 贸易数据库的数据，结合对在线贸易的评估，以及 2019 年在坦桑尼亚的实地调查。在 2000 年至 2019 年期间，全球共报告出口了 108 种 1128776 只活体变色龙，其中坦桑尼亚出口了 193093 只（来自 32 个物种）。在整个研究期间，全球和坦桑尼亚的变色龙出口都有所下降，这是由于普通属的贸易减少所致。虽然随着时间的推移，普通分类群的圈养繁殖个体比例有所增加，但贸易中大多数受限制范围的分类群仍然主要来自野生来源。就坦桑尼亚的出口而言，41%的变色龙来自 23 个特有物种之一，贸易中的 12 个坦桑尼亚特有物种中有 10 个被 IUCN 列为濒危物种。就在线贸易而言，在所评估的 42 个坦桑尼亚物种中，有 83.3%的物种有在线销售的证据，69%的物种有活跃的销售，并列出了价格。价格平均而言，Trioceros 物种最高，其次是 Kinyongia、Rieppeleon、Rhampholeon 和 Chameleo。在坦桑尼亚的实地工作提供了证据，表明历史上对特有变色龙物种的采集量高于坦桑尼亚在其向 CITES 提交的年度贸易报告中报告的出口数量。然而，我们没有发现 2020 年和 2021 年的实地证据，这与坦桑尼亚的规定一致，即对所有野生动物活体出口实施全面禁令。然而，文献证据表明，2021 年奥地利从坦桑尼亚变色龙物种的缉获中，非法贸易继续流向欧洲。
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