Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Nat Neurosci. 2024 Aug;27(8):1449-1461. doi: 10.1038/s41593-024-01642-2. Epub 2024 May 21.
Myelin, which is produced by oligodendrocytes, insulates axons to facilitate rapid and efficient action potential propagation in the central nervous system. Traditionally viewed as a stable structure, myelin is now known to undergo dynamic modulation throughout life. This Review examines these dynamics, focusing on two key aspects: (1) the turnover of myelin, involving not only the renewal of constituents but the continuous wholesale replacement of myelin membranes; and (2) the structural remodeling of pre-existing, mature myelin, a newly discovered form of neural plasticity that can be stimulated by external factors, including neuronal activity, behavioral experience and injury. We explore the mechanisms regulating these dynamics and speculate that myelin remodeling could be driven by an asymmetry in myelin turnover or reactivation of pathways involved in myelin formation. Finally, we outline how myelin remodeling could have profound impacts on neural function, serving as an integral component of behavioral adaptation.
髓鞘由少突胶质细胞产生，它包裹轴突，以促进中枢神经系统中动作电位的快速、有效传播。髓鞘传统上被认为是一种稳定的结构，但现在已知它在整个生命过程中会发生动态调节。这篇综述探讨了这些动态变化，重点关注两个关键方面：（1）髓鞘的更替，不仅涉及组成成分的更新，还包括髓鞘膜的持续整体替换；（2）预先存在的成熟髓鞘的结构重塑，这是一种新发现的神经可塑性形式，可以被外部因素（包括神经元活动、行为经验和损伤）刺激。我们探索了调节这些动态变化的机制，并推测髓鞘重塑可能是由髓鞘更替的不对称或参与髓鞘形成的途径的再激活所驱动。最后，我们概述了髓鞘重塑如何对神经功能产生深远影响，作为行为适应的一个组成部分。
