Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1451:91-109. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_6.
Although the smallpox virus has been eradicated worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a warning about the virus's potential to propagate globally. The WHO labeled monkeypox a world public health emergency in July 2022, requiring urgent prevention and treatment. The monkeypox virus is a part of the Poxviridae family, Orthopoxvirus genus, and is accountable for smallpox, which has killed over a million people in the past. Natural hosts of the virus include squirrels, Gambian rodents, chimpanzees, and other monkeys. The monkeypox virus has transmitted to humans through primary vectors (various animal species) and secondary vectors, including direct touch with lesions, breathing particles from body fluids, and infected bedding. The viral particles are ovoid or brick-shaped, 200-250 nm in diameter, contain a single double-stranded DNA molecule, and reproduce only in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Monkeypox causes fever, cold, muscle pains, headache, fatigue, and backache. The phylogenetic investigation distinguished between two genetic clades of monkeypox: the more pathogenic Congo Basin clade and the West Africa clade. In recent years, the geographical spread of the human monkeypox virus has accelerated despite a paucity of information regarding the disease's emergence, ecology, and epidemiology. Using lesion samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the monkeypox virus was diagnosed. In the USA, the improved Ankara vaccine can now be used to protect people who are at a higher risk of getting monkeypox. Antivirals that we have now work well against smallpox and may stop the spread of monkeypox, but there is no particular therapy for monkeypox.
虽然天花病毒已在全球范围内被根除，但世界卫生组织（WHO）发出警告称，该病毒有可能在全球范围内传播。2022 年 7 月，世界卫生组织将猴痘标记为全球公共卫生紧急事件，需要紧急预防和治疗。猴痘病毒是痘病毒科、正痘病毒属的一部分，可引发天花，过去已导致超过 100 万人死亡。该病毒的自然宿主包括松鼠、冈比亚啮齿动物、黑猩猩和其他猴子。猴痘病毒通过主要载体（各种动物物种）和次要载体传播给人类，包括直接接触病变、呼吸体液中的颗粒以及感染的床上用品。病毒颗粒呈椭圆形或砖形，直径 200-250nm，含有单链双链 DNA 分子，仅在受感染细胞的细胞质中繁殖。猴痘会引起发热、发冷、肌肉疼痛、头痛、疲劳和背痛。通过系统发育调查，将猴痘分为两个遗传分支：致病性更强的刚果盆地分支和西非分支。近年来，尽管对该疾病的出现、生态和流行病学知之甚少，但人类猴痘病毒的地理传播速度加快。通过病变样本和聚合酶链反应（PCR）诊断猴痘病毒。在美国，现在可以使用改良的安卡拉疫苗来保护那些更容易感染猴痘的人群。我们现有的抗病毒药物对天花有效，可能阻止猴痘的传播，但针对猴痘没有特别的治疗方法。
