Quality Assurance Department, Turk Pharmaceutical and Serum Ind. Inc., Ankara, Turkey.
Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia.
J Infect Public Health. 2023 Apr;16(4):531-541. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.003. Epub 2023 Feb 9.
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family of the genus Orthopoxvirus with two different clades known as West African and Congo Basin. Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonosis that arises from the MPXV and causes a smallpox-like disease. The endemic disease status of MPX was updated to an outbreak worldwide in 2022. Thus, the condition was declared a global health emergency independent of travel issues, accounting for the primary reason for its prevalence outside Africa. In addition to identified transmission mediators through animal-to-human and human-to-human, especially sexual transmission among men who have sex with men came to prominence in the 2022 global outbreak. Although the severity and prevalence of the disease differ depending on age and gender, some symptoms are commonly observed. Clinical signs such as fever, muscle and headache pain, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes in defined body regions are standard and an indicator for the first step of diagnosis. By following the clinical signs, laboratory diagnostic tests like conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR (RT-PCR) are the most common and accurate diagnostic methods. Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir are used for symptomatic treatment. There is no MPXV-specific vaccine; however, currently available vaccines against smallpox enhance the immunization rate. This comprehensive review covers the MPX disease history and the current state of knowledge by assessing broad topics and views related to disease origin, transmission, epidemiology, severity, genome organization and evolution, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
猴痘病毒（MPXV）是一种双链 DNA 病毒，属于痘病毒科正痘病毒属，有两个不同的分支，分别称为西非分支和刚果盆地分支。猴痘（MPX）是一种由 MPXV 引起的人畜共患病，会导致类似天花的疾病。2022 年，MPX 的地方性疾病状态已更新为全球暴发。因此，该疾病被宣布为全球卫生紧急事件，与旅行问题无关，这是其在非洲以外流行的主要原因。除了已确定的动物到人类和人与人之间的传播媒介外，特别是男男性行为者之间的性传播，在 2022 年全球暴发中尤为突出。虽然疾病的严重程度和流行程度因年龄和性别而异，但一些症状是常见的。发热、肌肉和头痛、淋巴结肿大以及特定身体部位的皮疹等临床症状是标准的，也是诊断的第一步的指标。根据临床症状，可以使用常规聚合酶链反应（PCR）或实时 PCR（RT-PCR）等实验室诊断测试，这些是最常见和准确的诊断方法。泰诺福韦、西多福韦和溴夫定等抗病毒药物用于对症治疗。目前没有针对 MPXV 的特定疫苗；然而，现有的天花疫苗可提高免疫接种率。本综述通过评估与疾病起源、传播、流行病学、严重程度、基因组组织和进化、诊断、治疗和预防相关的广泛主题和观点，全面介绍了 MPX 疾病史和当前知识状况。
