Department of Physics, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey.
Biomed Mater. 2024 Jun 21;19(4). doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ad5484.
To improve the translational and clinical applications of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in medicine there is a need for better understanding of physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles in relation to the systemic parameters andperformance. This review presents the influence of physicochemical properties (surface charges and size) and route of administration on the biodistribution of GNPs. The role of protein corona (PC) (a unique biological identifier) as a barrier to biodistribution of GNPs, and the advances in engineered GNPs towards improving biodistribution are presented. Proteins can easily adsorb on charged (anionic and cationic) functionalized GNPs in circulation and shape the dynamics of their biodistribution. Non-ionic coatings such as PEG experience accelerated blood clearance (ABC) due to immunogenic response. While zwitterionic coatings provide stealth effects to formation of PC on the GNPs. GNPs with sizes less than 50 nm were found to circulate to several organs while the route of administration of the GNPs determines the serum protein that adsorbs on the nanoparticles.
为了提高金纳米粒子（GNPs）在医学中的转化和临床应用，需要更好地了解纳米粒子的物理化学性质与系统参数和性能之间的关系。本综述介绍了物理化学性质（表面电荷和尺寸）和给药途径对 GNPs 生物分布的影响。还介绍了作为生物分布障碍的蛋白冠（PC）（一种独特的生物标识符）的作用，以及工程 GNPs 改善生物分布的进展。在循环中，蛋白质可以很容易地吸附在带电荷（阴离子和阳离子）功能化的 GNPs 上，并影响其生物分布的动力学。由于免疫原性反应，非离子涂层如 PEG 会经历加速的血液清除（ABC）。而两性离子涂层则为 GNPs 上 PC 的形成提供了隐身效应。发现小于 50nm 的 GNPs 会循环到几个器官，而 GNPs 的给药途径决定了吸附在纳米粒子上的血清蛋白。
