Air pollution, greenspace exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease: a prospective study of 441,462 participants.

BACKGROUND

The current understandings of the relationship between air pollution (AP), greenspace exposure and Parkinson's Disease (PD) remain inconclusive.

METHODS

We engaged 441,462 participants from the UK Biobank who were not diagnosed with PD. Utilizing Cox proportional hazard regression model, relationships between AP [nitrogen dioxide (NO), and nitrogen oxides (NO), particulate matter < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter(PM), coarse particulate matter between 2.5 μm and 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter(PM), particulate matter < 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter(PM)], greenspace exposure, and PD risk were determined independently. Our analyses comprised three models, adjusted for covariates, and affirmed through six sensitivity analyses to bolster the robustness of our findings. Moreover, mediation analysis was deployed to discern the mediating effect of AP between greenspaces and PD.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 12.23 years (5,574,293 person-years), there were 3,293 PD events. Each interquartile (IQR) increment in NO and PM concentrations were associated with 10% and 8% increase in PD onset risk, while the increases in NO, PM and PM were not associated with PD risk. Additionally, greenspace may safeguard by reducing NO and PM levels, with the effect mediated by NO and PM in greenspace-PD relationship.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that an IQR increase in ambient NO and PM concentrations was associated with risk of PD development, while other pollutants (NO, PM and PM) were not associated with PD risk. Firstly, we find that augmented exposure to greenspace was associated with the lower PD risk by reducing NO and PM levels.