Department of Youth and Family, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Department of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Youth Adolesc. 2024 Nov;53(11):2589-2609. doi: 10.1007/s10964-024-02020-8. Epub 2024 Jun 7.
Sexually and gender diverse (SGD) youth experience more peer bullying victimization than heterosexual, cisgender youth during adolescence, yet the emergence and persistence of these disparities remain underexplored. Also, it is unclear which factors are associated with these disparities across development, and how these disparities are linked to late adolescent health discrepancies. This study utilized the sample from the Millennium Cohort Study in Britain (N = 10,080; 51.3% assigned female at birth; M = 2.28, SD = 0.46 at Wave 2), in which 23.74% of youth reported non-heterosexual attraction, 21.59% reported non-heterosexual identity, and 1.08% reported gender identity not in line with the sex assigned at birth. Using latent class growth modeling, four peer bullying victimization trajectories were identified, with early peak (7.2%), late childhood peak (6.3%), adolescence onset (12.8%), and low (73.6%) rates of victimization. SGD youth, compared to heterosexual and cisgender youth, were found to have increased odds of being in the victimization-involved classes, especially the adolescence onset class. The study further revealed that SGD youth reported more mental health and relational difficulties in childhood, which were linked to their heightened risk of longer-lasting victimization. Further, long-term victimization was found to partially account for the disparities in health and well-being for SGD youth in late adolescence. In conclusion, SGD youth were more likely to experience longer-lasting bullying victimization during childhood and adolescence, its related mental and relational vulnerabilities were already established in childhood, and such victimization disparities were further linked to their detrimental health and well-being in late adolescence. The design, hypotheses, and target analyses of the current study were preregistered on 21st April 2023 at https://osf.io/f2zxy .
性与性别多样化（SGD）的青少年在青春期比异性恋、顺性别青少年经历更多的同伴欺凌受害，而这些差异的出现和持续存在仍未得到充分探索。此外，目前尚不清楚哪些因素与这些差异有关，以及这些差异如何与青少年后期的健康差异有关。本研究利用了英国千年队列研究（N=10080；51.3%出生时被分配为女性；M=2.28，SD=0.46 在第 2 波）的样本，其中 23.74%的青少年报告了非异性吸引，21.59%报告了非异性认同，1.08%报告了性别认同与出生时分配的性别不符。使用潜在类别增长模型，确定了 4 种同伴欺凌受害轨迹，分别为早期高峰（7.2%）、童年后期高峰（6.3%）、青春期开始（12.8%）和低（73.6%）受害率。与异性恋和顺性别青少年相比，SGD 青少年更有可能处于受害相关的类别中，尤其是青春期开始的类别。研究进一步表明，SGD 青少年在童年时期报告了更多的心理健康和关系困难，这与他们遭受更长时间欺凌的风险增加有关。此外，长期的受害被发现部分解释了 SGD 青少年在青春期后期的健康和福祉差异。总之，SGD 青少年在童年和青春期更有可能经历持久的欺凌受害，他们在童年时期已经存在与这种受害相关的心理和关系脆弱性，而这种受害差异进一步与他们在青春期后期的健康和福祉受损有关。本研究的设计、假设和目标分析已于 2023 年 4 月 21 日在 https://osf.io/f2zxy 预先注册。
