School of Human Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 475 Clocktower Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
Prev Med. 2024 Nov;188:108036. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.108036. Epub 2024 Jun 7.
Unlike the United States general population, veteran women - as opposed to veteran men - have greater smoking prevalence; yet, little is known regarding factors that influence smoking in veteran women. The purpose of this study was to begin examining the relationship between a psychological concept known as moral injury and demand for cigarettes among veteran women.
Veteran women who smoke (n = 44) were recruited for this cross-sectional study from Amazon MTurk, Reddit, and a veteran-serving non-profit organization in June-July 2023. Consenting participants received $2 for completing the cigarette purchase task (CPT), Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the military version of the Moral Injury Symptom Scale (MISS-M-SF). We examined five CPT demand indices and calculated a modified exponential demand model stratified by moral injury severity status (i.e., probable vs. unlikely).
Probable morally injured women exhibited significantly higher relative reinforcing value (RRV) for smoking than unlikely morally injured women (F = 9.16, p = 0.003). Average cigarette consumption at $0 (i.e., Q) was 48.56% higher (M = 22.24 vs. M = 13.55) in probable compared to unlikely morally injured women (p = 0.04, Hedge's g = 0.74). FTND scores were significantly correlated with P (i.e., demand elasticity point) and O (i.e., maximum expenditure) values in both populations (rs = 0.42-0.68, ps < 0.05).
We provide preliminary evidence of the relatively high RRV of smoking in morally injured veteran women. Continued research is needed to refine the characterization of this relationship.
与美国普通人群不同，退伍女性——与退伍男性相比——吸烟率更高；然而，对于影响退伍女性吸烟的因素知之甚少。本研究的目的是开始研究一种心理概念，即道德伤害，以及它与退伍女性对香烟的需求之间的关系。
本横断面研究于 2023 年 6 月至 7 月期间从亚马逊土耳其机器人（Amazon MTurk）、Reddit 和一家退伍军人服务非营利组织招募吸烟的退伍女性（n=44）。同意参加的参与者完成香烟购买任务（CPT）、尼古丁依赖 Fagerstrom 测试（FTND）和军事版道德伤害症状量表（MISS-M-SF）后，可获得 2 美元的报酬。我们检查了五个 CPT 需求指数，并根据道德伤害严重程度（即可能与不太可能）分层计算了修正指数需求模型。
可能遭受道德伤害的女性表现出明显更高的吸烟相对强化价值（RRV），高于不太可能遭受道德伤害的女性（F=9.16，p=0.003）。在可能遭受道德伤害的女性中，$0 时的平均香烟消费量（即 Q）比不太可能遭受道德伤害的女性高 48.56%（M=22.24 比 M=13.55）（p=0.04，Hedge's g=0.74）。在两个群体中，FTND 分数与 P（即需求弹性点）和 O（即最大支出）值显著相关（rs=0.42-0.68，p<0.05）。
我们提供了初步证据，证明道德上受到伤害的退伍女性吸烟的相对较高的 RRV。需要进一步研究来完善这种关系的特征。
