School of Psychology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
Health, Medical & Neuropsychology, Leiden University , Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2024 Jul 29;379(1906):20230238. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0238. Epub 2024 Jun 10.
Schemas are foundational mental structures shaped by experience. They influence behaviour, guide the encoding of new memories and are shaped by associated information. The adaptability of memory schemas facilitates the integration of new information that aligns with existing knowledge structures. First, we discuss how novel information consistent with an existing schema can be swiftly assimilated when presented. This cognitive updating is facilitated by the interaction between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Second, when novel information is inconsistent with the schema, it likely engages the hippocampus to encode the information as part of an episodic memory trace. Third, novelty may enhance hippocampal dopamine through either the locus coeruleus or ventral tegmental area pathways, with the pathway involved potentially depending on the type of novelty encountered. We propose a gradient theory of schema and novelty to elucidate the neural processes by which schema updating or novel memory traces are formed. It is likely that experiences vary along a familiarity-novelty continuum, and the degree to which new experiences are increasingly novel will guide whether memory for a new experience either integrates into an existing schema or prompts the creation of a new cognitive framework. This article is part of the theme issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.
模式是由经验塑造的基本心理结构。它们影响行为，指导新记忆的编码，并受相关信息的影响。记忆模式的适应性促进了与现有知识结构一致的新信息的整合。首先，我们讨论了当呈现与现有模式一致的新信息时，它是如何迅速被同化的。这种认知更新是由海马体和前额叶皮层之间的相互作用促进的。其次，当新信息与模式不一致时，它可能会激活海马体将信息作为情景记忆痕迹的一部分进行编码。第三，新奇感可能会通过蓝斑核或腹侧被盖区途径增加海马体多巴胺，所涉及的途径可能取决于所遇到的新奇类型。我们提出了一个模式和新奇的梯度理论，以阐明模式更新或新的记忆痕迹形成的神经过程。经验可能沿着熟悉度-新奇度连续体变化，新经验的新奇程度将决定新经验的记忆是融入现有的模式，还是促使建立新的认知框架。本文是主题为“长时程增强作用：50 年的进展”的一部分。
