Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Environ Health. 2024 Jun 10;23(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s12940-024-01085-z.
Several legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been regulated around the world. There is growing concern over the proliferation of alternative PFAS, as well as PFAS precursors. Biomonitoring data for PFAS are critical for assessing exposure and human health risk.
We collected serum samples from 289 adult female participants in a 2018-2021 follow-up study of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Canadian pregnancy cohort. Samples were analyzed for 40 PFAS using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For those compounds with > 50% detection, as well as the sum of these compounds, we describe serum concentrations and patterns of exposure according to sociodemographic and obstetrical history characteristics.
17 out of 40 PFAS were detected in > 50% of samples with 7 of these detected in > 97% of samples. Median [95th percentile] concentrations (µg/L) were highest for PFOS (1.62 [4.56]), PFOA (0.69 [1.52]), PFNA (0.38 [0.81]), and PFHxS (0.33 [0.92]). Geometric mean concentrations of PFOA and PFHxS were approximately 2-fold lower among those with more children (≥ 3 vs. 1), greater number of children breastfed (≥ 3 vs. ≤ 1), longer lifetime duration of breastfeeding (> 4 years vs. ≤ 9 months), and shorter time since last pregnancy (≤ 4 years vs. > 8 years). We observed similar patterns for PFOS, PFHpS, and the sum of 17 PFAS, though the differences between groups were smaller. Concentrations of PFOA were higher among "White" participants, while concentrations of N-MeFOSE, N-EtFOSE, 7:3 FTCA, and 4:2 FTS were slightly higher among participants reporting a race or ethnicity other than "White". Concentrations of legacy, alternative, and precursor PFAS were generally similar across levels of age, education, household income, body mass index, and menopausal status.
We report the first Canadian biomonitoring data for several alternative and precursor PFAS. Our findings suggest that exposure to PFAS, including several emerging alternatives, may be widespread. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing that pregnancy and breastfeeding are excretion pathways for PFAS.
世界各地已经对一些传统的和新兴的全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）进行了监管。人们越来越关注替代 PFAS 和 PFAS 前体的扩散。PFAS 的生物监测数据对于评估暴露和人类健康风险至关重要。
我们收集了 2018-2021 年期间 Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) 加拿大妊娠队列的 289 名成年女性参与者的血清样本。使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对 40 种 PFAS 进行了分析。对于那些检测率超过 50%的化合物，以及这些化合物的总和，我们根据社会人口统计学和产科史特征描述了血清浓度和暴露模式。
在 40 种 PFAS 中，有 17 种在超过 50%的样本中被检测到，其中 7 种在超过 97%的样本中被检测到。（µg/L）中位数[95 百分位]浓度最高的是 PFOS（1.62[4.56]）、PFOA（0.69[1.52]）、PFNA（0.38[0.81]）和 PFHxS（0.33[0.92]）。具有更多孩子（≥3 个 vs. 1 个）、更多孩子母乳喂养（≥3 个 vs. ≤1 个）、更长的母乳喂养持续时间（>4 年 vs. ≤9 个月）和更短的上次怀孕时间（≤4 年 vs. >8 年）的人群中，PFOA 和 PFHxS 的几何平均浓度约为两倍。我们观察到 PFOS、PFHpS 和 17 种 PFAS 总和的相似模式，尽管组间差异较小。PFOA 的浓度在“白人”参与者中较高，而 N-MeFOSE、N-EtFOSE、7:3FTCA 和 4:2FTS 的浓度在报告种族或族裔除“白人”以外的参与者中略高。传统、替代和前体 PFAS 的浓度在年龄、教育、家庭收入、体重指数和绝经状态等水平上基本相似。
我们报告了加拿大首例几种替代和前体 PFAS 的生物监测数据。我们的研究结果表明，包括几种新兴替代品在内的 PFAS 暴露可能很普遍。我们的研究结果与先前的研究一致，表明怀孕和母乳喂养是 PFAS 的排泄途径。
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