Wang Yu, Han Yeqing, Li Naisheng, Wang Cen, Ma Kaixuan, Huang Xinduo, Du Jing, Guo Hong, Pan Jiao
Key Laboratory of Archaeomaterials and Conservation, Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
Front Microbiol. 2024 May 30;15:1382653. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1382653. eCollection 2024.
The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is an ancient wooden ship in the Southern Song Dynasty. Currently, serious challenges of microbial diseases exist on the hull wood. This study aimed to obtain microbial samples from the ship hull in December 2021 and analyze the microbial diseases through scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing to preserve the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. The biodegradation mechanism of diseased microorganisms was explored through whole genome sequencing and the detection of enzyme activity and gene expression levels of diseased microorganisms under different conditions. The results showed that there was obvious fungal colonization on the surface of the hull wood and NK-NH1 was the dominant disease fungus on the surface. NK-NH1 has strong cellulose and lignin degradation ability. Its whole genome size is 52,389,955 bp, and it contains 17,402 genes. It has a variety of key enzyme genes involved in cellulose and lignin degradation. The NK-NH1 dominant degrading enzyme lignin peroxidase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 30%, and FeSO concentration of 50 mg/L, while laccase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 10%, and FeSO concentration of 100 mg/L. The above research results prove that NK-NH1 is a key fungus to the biodegradation of ship hull wood when it is exposed to air, low pH, high salt, and rich in sulfur iron compounds. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck.
南海一号沉船是一艘南宋时期的古木船。目前，船体木材面临着微生物病害的严峻挑战。本研究旨在于2021年12月从船体获取微生物样本，并通过扫描电子显微镜和高通量测序分析微生物病害，以保护南海一号沉船。通过全基因组测序以及在不同条件下对病害微生物的酶活性和基因表达水平进行检测，探索病害微生物的生物降解机制。结果表明，船体木材表面存在明显的真菌定殖，NK-NH1是表面的优势病害真菌。NK-NH1具有较强的纤维素和木质素降解能力。其全基因组大小为52389955 bp，包含17402个基因。它拥有多种参与纤维素和木质素降解的关键酶基因。NK-NH1的优势降解酶木质素过氧化物酶在pH = 4、NaCl浓度为30%、FeSO浓度为50 mg/L时酶活性最高，而漆酶在pH = 4、NaCl浓度为10%、FeSO浓度为100 mg/L时酶活性最高。上述研究结果证明，NK-NH1是船体木材在暴露于空气低pH、高盐且富含硫铁化合物环境下生物降解的关键真菌。本研究为南海一号沉船的保护提供了理论依据。
