Department of Pharmacy, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, U.P., 226010, India.
Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. 2024;24(1):13-39. doi: 10.2174/011871529X310857240607103028.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which stand as the primary contributors to illness and death on a global scale, include vital risk factors like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, to name a few. However, conventional cardiovascular risk factors offer only partial insight into the complexity of CVDs. Lately, a growing body of research has illuminated that the gut microbiome and its by-products are also of paramount importance in the initiation and progression of CVDs. The gastrointestinal tract houses trillions of microorganisms, commonly known as gut microbiota, that metabolize nutrients, yielding substances like trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoxyl sulfate (IS), and so on. Strategies aimed at addressing these microbes and their correlated biological pathways have shown promise in the management and diagnosis of CVDs. This review offers a comprehensive examination of how the gut microbiota contributes to the pathogenesis of CVDs, particularly atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure (HF), and atrial fibrillation (AF), explores potential underlying mechanisms, and highlights emerging therapeutic prospects in this dynamic domain.
心血管疾病（CVDs）是全球范围内导致疾病和死亡的主要原因，其中包括重要的风险因素，如高血脂、高血压、糖尿病和吸烟等。然而，传统的心血管风险因素仅能部分揭示 CVDs 的复杂性。最近，越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物组及其产物在 CVDs 的发生和发展中也具有至关重要的作用。胃肠道中栖息着数以万亿计的微生物，通常被称为肠道微生物群，它们代谢营养物质，产生三甲胺 N-氧化物（TMAO）、胆汁酸（BAs）、短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）、吲哚硫酸（IS）等物质。针对这些微生物及其相关生物途径的策略已显示出在 CVDs 的管理和诊断方面的应用前景。本文综述了肠道微生物组如何参与 CVDs 的发病机制，特别是动脉粥样硬化、高血压、心力衰竭（HF）和心房颤动（AF）的发病机制，探讨了潜在的机制，并强调了该领域的新兴治疗前景。
