Fan Bowen, Yang Shanshan, Wang Ling, Xu Mingen
School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Information and Biological 3D Printing, Hangzhou 310018, China.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Jun 4;24(11):3636. doi: 10.3390/s24113636.
To address the challenges associated with achieving high-fidelity printing of complex 3D bionic models, this paper proposes a method for spatially resolved defect characterization and fidelity assessment. This approach is based on 3D printer-associated optical coherence tomography (3D P-OCT) and GCode information. This method generates a defect characterization map by comparing and analyzing the target model map from GCode information and the reconstructed model map from 3D P-OCT. The defect characterization map enables the detection of defects such as material accumulation, filament breakage and under-extrusion within the print path, as well as stringing outside the print path. The defect characterization map is also used for defect visualization, fidelity assessment and filament breakage repair during secondary printing. Finally, the proposed method is validated on different bionic models, printing paths and materials. The fidelity of the multilayer HAP scaffold with gradient spacing increased from 0.8398 to 0.9048 after the repair of filament breakage defects. At the same time, the over-extrusion defects on the nostril and along the high-curvature contours of the nose model were effectively detected. In addition, the finite element analysis results verified that the 60-degree filling model is superior to the 90-degree filling model in terms of mechanical strength, which is consistent with the defect detection results. The results confirm that the proposed method based on 3D P-OCT and GCode can achieve spatially resolved defect characterization and fidelity assessment in situ, facilitating defect visualization and filament breakage repair. Ultimately, this enables high-fidelity printing, encompassing both shape and function.
为应对与实现复杂3D仿生模型的高保真打印相关的挑战，本文提出了一种用于空间分辨缺陷表征和保真度评估的方法。该方法基于与3D打印机相关的光学相干断层扫描（3D P-OCT）和GCode信息。此方法通过比较和分析来自GCode信息的目标模型图和来自3D P-OCT的重建模型图来生成缺陷表征图。该缺陷表征图能够检测打印路径内的材料堆积、细丝断裂和挤出不足等缺陷，以及打印路径外的拉丝现象。该缺陷表征图还用于二次打印期间的缺陷可视化、保真度评估和细丝断裂修复。最后，该方法在不同的仿生模型、打印路径和材料上得到了验证。细丝断裂缺陷修复后，具有梯度间距的多层HAP支架的保真度从0.8398提高到了0.9048。同时，有效地检测到了鼻孔和沿鼻模型高曲率轮廓的过度挤出缺陷。此外，有限元分析结果证实，60度填充模型在机械强度方面优于90度填充模型，这与缺陷检测结果一致。结果证实，基于3D P-OCT和GCode的所提出方法能够原位实现空间分辨缺陷表征和保真度评估，便于缺陷可视化和细丝断裂修复。最终，这实现了包括形状和功能的高保真打印。
