Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0526, United States.
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York. 14623, United States.
ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021 Oct 11;7(10):4694-4717. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00598. Epub 2021 Sep 9.
Biological additive manufacturing (Bio-AM) has emerged as a promising approach for the fabrication of biological scaffolds with nano- to microscale resolutions and biomimetic architectures beneficial to tissue engineering applications. However, Bio-AM processes tend to introduce flaws in the construct during fabrication. These flaws can be traced to material nonhomogeneity, suboptimal processing parameters, changes in the (bio)printing environment (such as nozzle clogs), and poor construct design, all with significant contributions to the alteration of a scaffold's mechanical properties. In addition, the biological response of endogenous and exogenous cells interacting with the defective scaffolds could become unpredictable. In this review, we first described extrusion-based Bio-AM. We highlighted the salient architectural and mechanotransduction parameters affecting the response of cells interfaced with the scaffolds. The process phenomena leading to defect formation and some of the tools for defect detection are reviewed. The limitations of the existing developments and the directions that the field should grow in order to overcome said limitations are discussed.
生物添加剂制造（Bio-AM）已成为一种很有前途的方法，可以制造具有纳米到微尺度分辨率和仿生结构的生物支架，有利于组织工程应用。然而，Bio-AM 工艺在制造过程中往往会在构建体中引入缺陷。这些缺陷可以追溯到材料不均匀、加工参数不佳、（生物）打印环境变化（如喷嘴堵塞）以及构建体设计不佳，所有这些都对支架机械性能的改变有重要影响。此外，与有缺陷的支架相互作用的内源性和外源性细胞的生物学反应可能变得不可预测。在这篇综述中，我们首先描述了基于挤出的 Bio-AM。我们强调了影响与支架相互作用的细胞反应的显著结构和机械转导参数。综述了导致缺陷形成的过程现象和一些用于缺陷检测的工具。讨论了现有发展的局限性以及该领域为克服这些局限性应该发展的方向。
