Sjödin B, Svedenhag J
Sports Med. 1985 Mar-Apr;2(2):83-99. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198502020-00002.
Performance in marathon running is influenced by a variety of factors, most of which are of a physiological nature. Accordingly, the marathon runner must rely to a large extent on a high aerobic capacity. But great variations in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) have been observed among runners with a similar performance capacity, indicating complementary factors are of importance for performance. The oxygen cost of running or the running economy (expressed, e.g. as VO2 15 at 15 km/h) as well as the fractional utilisation of VO2 max at marathon race pace (%VO2 Ma X VO2 max-1) [where Ma = mean marathon velocity] are additional factors which are known to affect the performance capacity. Together VO2 max, VO2 15 and %VO2 Ma X VO2 max-1 can almost entirely explain the variation in marathon performance. To a similar degree, these variables have also been found to explain the variations in the 'anaerobic threshold'. This factor, which is closely related to the metabolic response to increasing exercise intensities, is the single variable that has the highest predictive power for marathon performance. But a major limiting factor to marathon performance is probably the choice of fuels for the exercising muscles, which factor is related to the %VO2 Ma X VO2 max-1. Present indications are that marathon runners, compared with normal individuals, have a higher turnover rate in fat metabolism at given high exercise intensities expressed both in absolute (m/sec) and relative (%VO2 max) terms. The selection of fat for oxidation by the muscles is important since the stores of the most efficient fuel, the carbohydrates, are limited. The large amount of endurance training done by marathon runners is probably responsible for similar metabolic adaptations, which contribute to a delayed onset of fatigue and raise the VO2 Ma X VO2max-1. There is probably an upper limit in training kilometrage above which there are no improvements in the fractional utilisation of VO2 max at the marathon race pace. The influence of training on VO2 max and, to some extent, on the running economy appears, however, to be limited by genetic factors.
马拉松跑的成绩受多种因素影响，其中大多数因素具有生理性质。因此，马拉松运动员在很大程度上必须依赖高有氧能力。但是，在具有相似成绩能力的跑步者中，已观察到最大摄氧量（VO2 max）存在很大差异，这表明互补因素对成绩很重要。跑步的氧气消耗或跑步经济性（例如以15公里/小时的速度时的VO2 15表示）以及马拉松比赛配速下VO2 max的分数利用率（%VO2 Ma X VO2 max-1）[其中Ma =平均马拉松速度]是已知会影响成绩能力的其他因素。VO2 max、VO2 15和%VO2 Ma X VO2 max-1共同几乎可以完全解释马拉松成绩的差异。同样程度上，这些变量也被发现可以解释“无氧阈”的差异。这个与运动强度增加时的代谢反应密切相关的因素，是对马拉松成绩具有最高预测能力的单一变量。但是，马拉松成绩的一个主要限制因素可能是运动肌肉的燃料选择，这个因素与%VO2 Ma X VO2 max-1有关。目前的迹象表明，与正常个体相比，马拉松运动员在给定的高运动强度下，无论是以绝对（米/秒）还是相对（%VO2 max）表示，脂肪代谢的周转率都更高。肌肉选择脂肪进行氧化很重要，因为最有效的燃料碳水化合物的储存是有限的。马拉松运动员进行的大量耐力训练可能导致了类似的代谢适应，这有助于延迟疲劳的出现并提高VO2 Ma X VO2max-1。训练里程可能存在一个上限，超过这个上限，马拉松比赛配速下VO2 max的分数利用率就不会提高。然而，训练对VO2 max以及在一定程度上对跑步经济性的影响似乎受到遗传因素的限制。
