Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2024 Jul 29;53(15):7657-7680. doi: 10.1039/d4cs00421c.
Nanomaterials exhibit significant potential for stimulating immune responses, offering both local and systemic modulation across a variety of diseases. The lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are home to various immune cells, including monocytes and dendritic cells, which contribute to both the progression and prevention/treatment of diseases. Consequently, many nanomaterial formulations are being rationally designed to target these organs and engage with specific cell types, thereby inducing therapeutic and protective effects. In this review, we explore crucial cellular interactions and processes involved in immune regulation and highlight innovative nano-based immunomodulatory approaches. We outline essential considerations in nanomaterial design with an emphasis on their impact on biological interactions, targeting capabilities, and treatment efficacy. Through selected examples, we illustrate the strategic targeting of therapeutically active nanomaterials to lymphoid organs and the subsequent immunomodulation for infection resistance, inflammation suppression, self-antigen tolerance, and cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we address current challenges, discuss emerging topics, and share our outlook on future developments in the field.
纳米材料在刺激免疫反应方面表现出巨大的潜力，能够在多种疾病中实现局部和全身的调节。淋巴器官，如脾脏和淋巴结，是各种免疫细胞的家园，包括单核细胞和树突状细胞，它们既参与疾病的进展，也参与疾病的预防/治疗。因此，许多纳米材料制剂被合理设计成靶向这些器官并与特定细胞类型结合，从而诱导治疗和保护作用。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了免疫调节中涉及的关键细胞相互作用和过程，并强调了创新的基于纳米的免疫调节方法。我们概述了纳米材料设计中的重要考虑因素，重点是它们对生物相互作用、靶向能力和治疗效果的影响。通过选择的例子，我们说明了将治疗性活性纳米材料靶向淋巴器官的策略，以及随后的免疫调节，以抵抗感染、抑制炎症、耐受自身抗原和癌症免疫治疗。此外，我们还讨论了当前的挑战、新兴的话题，并分享了我们对该领域未来发展的展望。
