Fusing Science with Industry: Perovskite Photovoltaics Moving Rapidly into Industrialization.

The organic-inorganic lead halide per materials have emerged as highly promising contenders in the field of photovoltaic technology, offering exceptional efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics hinges on successfully transitioning from lab-scale perovskite solar cells to large-scale perovskite solar modules (PSMs). However, the efficiency of PSMs significantly diminishes with increasing device area, impeding commercial viability. Central to achieving high-efficiency PSMs is fabricating uniform functional films and optimizing interfaces to minimize energy loss. This review sheds light on the path toward large-scale PSMs, emphasizing the pivotal role of integrating cutting-edge scientific research with industrial technology. By exploring scalable deposition techniques and optimization strategies, the advancements and challenges in fabricating large-area perovskite films are revealed. Subsequently, the architecture and contact materials of PSMs are delved while addressing pertinent interface issues. Crucially, efficiency loss during scale-up and stability risks encountered by PSMs is analyzed. Furthermore, the advancements in industrial efforts toward perovskite commercialization are highlighted, emphasizing the perspective of PSMs in revolutionizing renewable energy. By highlighting the scientific and technical challenges in developing PSMs, the importance of combining science and industry to drive their industrialization and pave the way for future advancements is stressed.