Kumari Bhumika, Keesari Tirumalesh, Roy Annadasankar, Mohokar Hemant, Pant Harish Jagat
Isotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2025 Feb;32(6):3238-3260. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34030-1. Epub 2024 Jul 9.
Urbanization has severely impacted the world water resources especially the shallow groundwater systems. There is a need of a robust method for quantifying the water quality degradation, which is still a challenge for most of the urban centers across the world. In this study, a highly urbanized region of Ganga basin is selected to critically evaluate commonly used WQIs and compare with fuzzy modeling. A total of 28 water samples were collected from diverse sources (surface and groundwaters) in the vicinity of urban region covering an area of 216 km during the premonsoon period. TDS, TH, NO, and F values were found to be above the permissible limits in 57%, 89%, 4%, and 7% samples, respectively. The WQIs (entropy and integrated) outputs were found to be similar with 89% of the samples falling under moderate category. Fuzzy modeling was carried out allowing user-defined weighting factors for the most influential ions, and the output suggested 96% of the samples falling under moderate to excellent categories. Based on the chemical results and considering the lithology of the study area, the geochemical reactions controlling the water quality were deduced. This study outlines a systematic approach of evaluating the overall water quality of an urban region highlighting the merits and limitations of WQIs. It also justifies the immediate need to generate more robust data to achieve the sustainable development goals 6 (clean water and sanitation) and 11 (sustainability of cities and human settlement).
城市化已对世界水资源，尤其是浅层地下水系统造成了严重影响。需要一种可靠的方法来量化水质退化情况，而这对世界上大多数城市中心来说仍是一项挑战。在本研究中，选择了恒河流域一个高度城市化的地区，以严格评估常用的水质指数，并与模糊建模进行比较。在季风来临前的时期，从城市区域附近不同来源（地表水和地下水）共采集了28个水样，采样区域面积为216平方公里。发现总溶解固体（TDS）、总硬度（TH）、硝酸盐（NO）和氟化物（F）值分别在57%、89%、4%和7%的水样中超过了允许限值。水质指数（熵值和综合值）的输出结果相似，89%的水样属于中等类别。进行了模糊建模，为最具影响力的离子设定了用户定义的加权因子，输出结果表明96%的水样属于中等至优良类别。根据化学分析结果并考虑研究区域的岩性，推断了控制水质的地球化学反应。本研究概述了一种评估城市区域整体水质的系统方法，突出了水质指数的优点和局限性。它还说明了迫切需要生成更可靠的数据，以实现可持续发展目标6（清洁水和卫生设施）和11（城市和人类住区的可持续性）。
