Prasad Laxmi R, Thompson Anita M, Arriaga Francisco J, Koropeckyj-Cox Lydia, Yuan Yongping
Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
J ASABE. 2023 Jun 22;66(6):1341-1354. doi: 10.13031/ja.15518.
Reduced tillage management conservation practices (No-till and Reduced-till) are widely adopted in agriculture; however, understanding their overall effectiveness for water quality protection is challenging. A meta-analysis was conducted to understand and quantify the effectiveness of residue and tillage management on runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from agricultural fields. Annual runoff and the associated sediment, and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loads were compiled from 60 peer reviewed research articles published across the United States and Canada. A total of 1575 site-years of data were categorized into tillage (<30% surface cover), no-tillage (<30% surface cover), tillage with residue (>30% surface cover), no-tillage with residue (>30% surface cover), and pasture management. No-tillage, no-tillage-residue, and tillage-residue managements were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing runoff, nutrients, and sediment loads compared to tillage. Synthesized and surveyed corn yield data were used to evaluate the economic cost effectiveness of no-tillage-residue management with respect to tillage. Across the site years (1968-2019) studied, median runoff depth for no-tillage and no-tillage-residue were 84% and 70% greater than tillage and tillage-residue management, respectively. No-tillage-residue management had up to 86% less sediment losses than tillage systems, on average, for both >30% and <30% surface cover. No-tillage-residue management was most effective, with a positive performance effectiveness of 65% to 90% in controlling sediments, particulate, and total nutrient losses in runoff compared to tillage. Cost effectiveness analysis revealed the benefits of no-tillage-residue management in reducing nutrient loads and increasing net-farm revenue by avoiding tillage operational costs. Except for dissolved phosphorus, no-tillage-residue management cost effectiveness for sediments and nutrient loads ranged from negative $6 to negative $102 per every Mg or kg of load reduction, indicating it had both economic and environmental benefits compared to tillage management. Overall, these results indicate that over the long-term, no-tillage and tillage, combined with greater than 30% residue cover, can effectively reduce sediment and nutrient losses. This work highlights the importance of crop residues on the soil surface to reduce runoff losses, even in no-tillage systems.
减少耕作管理保护措施（免耕和减少耕作）在农业中被广泛采用；然而，了解它们对水质保护的总体有效性具有挑战性。进行了一项荟萃分析，以了解和量化残留物和耕作管理对农田径流、泥沙和养分流失的有效性。从美国和加拿大发表的60篇同行评审研究文章中汇编了年径流量以及相关的泥沙和养分（氮和磷）负荷。总共1575个站点年的数据被分类为耕作（地表覆盖率<30%）、免耕（地表覆盖率<30%）、有残留物的耕作（地表覆盖率>30%）、有残留物的免耕（地表覆盖率>30%）和牧场管理。与耕作相比，评估了免耕、免耕-残留物和耕作-残留物管理在减少径流、养分和泥沙负荷方面的有效性。综合和调查的玉米产量数据用于评估免耕-残留物管理相对于耕作的经济成本效益。在所研究的站点年（1968 - 2019年）中，免耕和免耕-残留物的径流深度中位数分别比耕作和耕作-残留物管理大84%和70%。对于地表覆盖率>30%和<30%的情况，免耕-残留物管理的泥沙流失平均比耕作系统少86%。与耕作相比，免耕-残留物管理在控制径流中的沉积物、颗粒物和总养分流失方面最有效，积极性能有效性为65%至90%。成本效益分析表明，免耕-残留物管理通过避免耕作运营成本，在减少养分负荷和增加农场净收入方面具有益处。除了溶解磷外，免耕-残留物管理在沉积物和养分负荷方面的成本效益为每减少1 Mg或1 kg负荷从负6美元到负102美元不等，这表明与耕作管理相比，它具有经济和环境效益。总体而言，这些结果表明，从长期来看，免耕和耕作，再加上大于30%的残留物覆盖，可以有效减少沉积物和养分流失。这项工作强调了土壤表面作物残留物对减少径流损失的重要性，即使在免耕系统中也是如此。
