Ain Qura Tul, Saleem Nida, Munawar Nayla, Nawaz Rukhsana, Naseer Faiza, Ahmed Sagheer
Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jun 26;15:1359890. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1359890. eCollection 2024.
Malaria, transmitted through the bite of a -infected mosquito, remains a significant global health concern. This review examines the complex life cycle of , emphasizing the role of humans and mosquitoes in its transmission and proliferation. Malarial parasites are transmitted as sporozoites to the human body by biting an infected female mosquito. These sporozoites then invade liver cells, multiply, and release merozoites, which infect red blood cells, perpetuating the cycle. As this cycle continues, the affected person starts experiencing the clinical symptoms of the disease. The current treatments for malaria, including chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapy, and quinine, are discussed alongside the challenges of drug resistance and misdiagnosis. Although efforts have been made to develop a malarial vaccine, they have so far been unsuccessful. Additionally, the review explores the potential of medicinal plants as remedies for malaria, highlighting the efficacy of compounds derived from , species, and L., as well as exploration of plants and phytocompounds like cryptolepine, and isoliquiritigenin against drug-resistant species. Moreover, studies from Pakistan further highlight the diverse vegetal resources utilized in malaria treatment, emphasizing the need for further research into natural remedies. Despite the advantages of herbal medicines, including cost-effectiveness, and fewer side effects; their limitations must be taken into account, including variations in potency and potential drug interactions. The review concludes by advocating for a balanced approach to malaria treatment and prevention, emphasizing the importance of early detection, accurate diagnosis, and integrated efforts to combat the disease in the endemic regions.
疟疾通过感染疟原虫的蚊子叮咬传播，仍然是全球重大的健康问题。本综述研究了疟原虫复杂的生命周期，强调了人类和蚊子在其传播和扩散中的作用。疟原虫以子孢子的形式通过叮咬受感染的雌性按蚊传播到人体。这些子孢子随后侵入肝细胞，大量繁殖并释放出裂殖子，裂殖子会感染红细胞，使循环持续下去。随着这个循环的继续，感染者开始出现该疾病的临床症状。文中讨论了目前治疗疟疾的方法，包括氯喹、青蒿素联合疗法和奎宁，以及耐药性和误诊带来的挑战。尽管一直在努力研发疟疾疫苗，但迄今为止尚未成功。此外，该综述探讨了药用植物作为疟疾治疗药物的潜力，强调了从尖叶番泻、药用大黄和甘草中提取的化合物的功效，以及对隐丹参酮和异甘草素等植物及植物化合物针对耐药疟原虫种类的研究。此外，来自巴基斯坦的研究进一步突出了用于疟疾治疗的多种植物资源，强调了对天然药物进行进一步研究的必要性。尽管草药具有成本效益和副作用较少等优点，但必须考虑其局限性，包括效力差异和潜在的药物相互作用。综述最后倡导采用平衡的方法来治疗和预防疟疾，强调早期发现、准确诊断以及在流行地区综合防治该疾病的重要性。
