MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Eur J Nutr. 2024 Oct;63(7):2709-2723. doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03458-z. Epub 2024 Jul 17.
We quantified levels of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and investigated consumption patterns in a representative sample of UK adolescents.
We used data from 4-day food diaries from adolescents in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (2008/09-2018/19). UPF were identified using the NOVA classification. We estimated the percentage of Total Energy Intake (%TEI) and the absolute weight (grams). Linear regression models quantified differences in UPF consumption across survey years and its association with participant's individual characteristics. This was an analysis of the repeated cross-sectional data from the UK NDNS Rolling Programme waves 1-11 (2008/09-2018/19). A total of 2991 adolescents (11-18y) with complete information on dietary intake were included.
Mean UPF consumption was 861 (SD 442) g/d and this accounted for 65.9% (SD 13.4%) of TEI. Between 2008 and 2019, mean UPF consumption decreased from 996 to 776 g/d [ - 211 (95%CI - 302; - 120)] and from 67.7% to 62.8% of TEI [ - 4.8% (95%CI - 8.1; - 1.5)]. Higher %TEI was consumed by adolescents with lower socioeconomic status; white ethnicity and living in England North. A higher weight of UPF consumption (g/d) was associated with being male, white, age 18y, having parents with routine or manual occupation, living in England North, and living with obesity.
Average energy intake from UPF has decreased over a decade in UK adolescents. We observed a social and regional patterning of UPF consumption, with higher consumption among adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, from a white ethnicity and living in England North. Our findings suggest inequalities associated with UPF intake and factors that might lie beyond individual choice.
我们量化了超加工食品（UPF）的消费水平，并调查了英国青少年代表性样本中的消费模式。
我们使用了英国国家饮食与营养调查（NDNS）（2008/09-2018/19）中 4 天饮食日记的数据。使用 NOVA 分类法确定 UPF。我们估计了总能量摄入（TEI）的百分比（%TEI）和绝对重量（克）。线性回归模型量化了调查年份之间 UPF 消费的差异及其与参与者个体特征的关联。这是对英国 NDNS 滚动计划波 1-11（2008/09-2018/19）的重复横断面数据进行的分析。共有 2991 名青少年（11-18 岁）具有完整的饮食摄入信息被纳入分析。
平均 UPF 摄入量为 861（SD 442）g/d，占 TEI 的 65.9%（SD 13.4%）。2008 年至 2019 年，平均 UPF 摄入量从 996 降至 776 g/d [ - 211（95%CI - 302； - 120）]，占 TEI 的比例从 67.7%降至 62.8% [ - 4.8%（95%CI - 8.1； - 1.5）]。社会经济地位较低的青少年消耗的 UPF 百分比更高；白种人，居住在英格兰北部。较高的 UPF 摄入量（g/d）与男性、白种人、18 岁、父母从事常规或体力劳动、居住在英格兰北部以及肥胖有关。
在过去十年中，英国青少年从 UPF 中摄入的平均能量有所下降。我们观察到 UPF 消费存在社会和地区差异，社会经济背景较低、白种人以及居住在英格兰北部的青少年消费较高。我们的研究结果表明，与 UPF 摄入相关的不平等现象以及可能超出个人选择的因素。
