Expression of DDSR1 Long Non-Coding RNA and Genes Involved in the DNA Damage Response in Sperm with DNA Fragmentation.

The molecular mechanism responsible for sperm DNA fragmentation is not fully understood. Therefore, identifying genes related to the response to DNA damage is an important area of research. Recently, the role of long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), especially DNA damage-sensitive RNA1 (DDSR1) in male infertility has been highlighted. In this research, a protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) was constructed using the STRING database, and functional classification was conducted using webgestalt servers. Subsequently, a group of 40 males with a high degree of sperm DNA fragmentation (DFI ≥ 25%) was compared to a control group of 20 healthy males with a normal sperm DNA fragmentation rate (DFI < 25%). To assess gene expression, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed on DNA samples obtained from both healthy and infertile males. Our findings revealed that infertile men with an abnormal DFI index showed significantly lower expression levels of the long noncoding RNA DDSR1, as well as the genes BRCA1, MRE11A, RAD51, and NBN, compared to the control group. Pathway analysis of the network proteins using Reactome indicated involvement in crucial cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA repair, meiosis, reproduction, and extension of telomeres. In conclusion, the downregulation of LncRNA and genes associated with the DNA damage response in males with an abnormal DFI suggests that these factors may contribute to the development of sperm DNA fragmentation and could potentially serve as diagnostic markers for further investigation in therapeutic interventions in the future.