Cramer Tomer, Yeshurun Shlomo, Mor Merav
Metaflow Ltd., Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Digit Biomark. 2024 Jun 12;8(1):102-110. doi: 10.1159/000539126. eCollection 2024 Jan-Dec.
The menstrual cycle (MC) reflects multifaceted hormonal changes influencing women's metabolism, making it a key aspect of women's health. Changes in hormonal levels throughout the MC have been demonstrated to influence various physiological parameters, including exhaled carbon dioxide (CO). Lumen is a small handheld device that measures metabolic fuel usage via exhaled CO. This study leverages exhaled CO patterns measured by the Lumen device to elucidate metabolic variations during the MC, which may hold significance for fertility management. Additionally, CO changes are explored in menopausal women with and without hormonal replacement therapy (HRT).
This retrospective cohort study analyzed exhaled CO data from 3,981 Lumen users, including eumenorrheal women and menopausal women with and without HRT. Linear mixed models assessed both CO changes of eumenorrheal women during the MC phases and compared between menopausal women with or without HRT.
Eumenorrheic women displayed cyclical CO patterns during the MC, characterized by elevated levels during the menstrual, estrogenic and ovulation phases and decreased levels during post-ovulation and pre-menstrual phases. Notably, despite variations in cycle length affecting the timing of maximum and minimum CO levels within a cycle, the overall pattern remained consistent. Furthermore, CO levels in menopausal women without HRT differed significantly from those with HRT, which showed lower levels.
This study reveals distinct CO patterns across MC phases, providing insights into hormonal influences on metabolic activity. Menopausal women exhibit altered CO profiles in relation to the use or absence of HRT. CO monitoring emerges as a potential tool for tracking the MC and understanding metabolic changes during menopause.
月经周期（MC）反映了影响女性新陈代谢的多方面激素变化，使其成为女性健康的关键方面。整个月经周期中激素水平的变化已被证明会影响各种生理参数，包括呼出的二氧化碳（CO）。Lumen是一种小型手持设备，可通过呼出的CO来测量代谢燃料的使用情况。本研究利用Lumen设备测量的呼出CO模式来阐明月经周期中的代谢变化，这可能对生育管理具有重要意义。此外，还对接受和未接受激素替代疗法（HRT）的绝经后女性的CO变化进行了探索。
这项回顾性队列研究分析了3981名Lumen用户的呼出CO数据，包括月经正常的女性以及接受和未接受HRT的绝经后女性。线性混合模型评估了月经正常女性在月经周期各阶段的CO变化，并比较了接受或未接受HRT的绝经后女性之间的差异。
月经正常的女性在月经周期中表现出周期性的CO模式，其特征是在月经、雌激素和排卵阶段水平升高，而在排卵后和经前阶段水平降低。值得注意的是，尽管周期长度的变化会影响一个周期内CO最高和最低水平出现的时间，但总体模式保持一致。此外，未接受HRT的绝经后女性的CO水平与接受HRT的女性有显著差异，后者的水平较低。
本研究揭示了月经周期各阶段不同的CO模式，为激素对代谢活动的影响提供了见解。绝经后女性根据是否使用HRT表现出不同的CO特征。CO监测成为追踪月经周期和了解绝经期间代谢变化的潜在工具。
