Keinath Silvia, De Silva Shenya, Sommerwerk Nike, Freyhof Jörg
Museum für Naturkunde Berlin-Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany.
Ecol Evol. 2024 Jul 15;14(7):e70018. doi: 10.1002/ece3.70018. eCollection 2024 Jul.
Species loss is highly scale-dependent, following the species-area relationship. We analysed spatio-temporal patterns of species' extirpation on a multitaxonomic level using Berlin, the capital city of Germany. Berlin is one of the largest cities in Europe and has experienced a strong urbanisation trend since the late nineteenth century. We expected species' extirpation to be exceptionally high due to the long history of urbanisation. Analysing 37 regional Red Lists of Threatened Plants, Animals and Fungi of Berlin (covering 9498 species), we found that 16% of species were extirpated, a rate 5.9 times higher than at the German scale and 47.1 times higher than at the European scale. Species' extirpation in Berlin is comparable to that of another German city with a similarly broad taxonomic coverage, but much higher than in regional areas with less human impact. The documentation of species' extirpation started in the eighteenth century and is well documented for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. We found an average annual extirpation of 3.6 species in the nineteenth century, 9.6 species in the twentieth century and the same number of extirpated species as in the nineteenth century were documented in the twenty-first century, despite the much shorter time period. Our results showed that species' extirpation is higher at small than on large spatial scales, and might be negatively influenced by urbanisation, with different effects on different taxonomic groups and habitats. Over time, we found that species' extirpation is highest during periods of high human alterations and is negatively affected by the number of people living in the city. But, there is still a lack of data to decouple the size of the area and the human impact of urbanisation. However, cities might be suitable systems for studying species' extirpation processes due to their small scale and human impact.
物种丧失高度依赖尺度，并遵循物种 - 面积关系。我们以德国首都柏林为例，在多分类学层面分析了物种灭绝的时空模式。柏林是欧洲最大的城市之一，自19世纪末以来经历了强劲的城市化趋势。鉴于城市化的悠久历史，我们预计物种灭绝情况会格外严重。通过分析柏林37份区域濒危植物、动物和真菌红色名录（涵盖9498个物种），我们发现16%的物种已经灭绝，这一比例比德国全国水平高5.9倍，比欧洲水平高47.1倍。柏林的物种灭绝情况与另一个分类覆盖范围类似的德国城市相当，但远高于人类影响较小的区域。物种灭绝的记录始于18世纪，19世纪和20世纪的记录很完备。我们发现，19世纪平均每年有3.6个物种灭绝，20世纪为9.6个物种，21世纪记录的灭绝物种数量与19世纪相同，尽管时间跨度短得多。我们的研究结果表明，小空间尺度上的物种灭绝率高于大尺度，并且可能受到城市化的负面影响，对不同分类群和栖息地有不同影响。随着时间推移，我们发现物种灭绝在人类活动剧烈时期最为严重，并受到城市居住人口数量的负面影响。但是，目前仍缺乏数据来区分区域面积大小和城市化的人类影响。然而，由于城市规模小且受人类影响大，可能是研究物种灭绝过程的合适系统。
