Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden.
Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Aug;366:121859. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121859. Epub 2024 Jul 16.
Eight on-site greywater treatment facilities of four different types (A, B, C and D) were investigated. Three were commercially available package plants (A-C) and one was a conventional sand filter (D). The treatment unit of Type A consisted of a geotextile-fitted trickling filter and a sand filter bottom layer, the Type B consisted of packs of fibrous mineral wool filter materials, and the Type C consisted of a fine-meshed plastic filter. The treatment systems were assessed in terms of their removal efficiency for organic matter (e.g. BOD, COD, TOC), nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), surfactants, indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) as well as microplastics. Systems A and D effectively reduced organic matter by >96% BOD, >94% COD and >90% TOC. Their effluent BOD was <29 mg/l. The BOD reduction in the treatment facilities of types B and C was in the range of 70-95%. Removal of anionic surfactants was >90% with effluent concentration <1 mg/l in all facilities. In general, the treatment systems were ineffective in removing E. coli and enterococci; the most efficient was the sand filter (type D), achieving 1.4-3.8 log for E. coli and 2.3-3.3 log for enterococci. Due to the high E. coli in the effluents, all the on-site systems were classified as Poor (score: 0-44) according to the water quality index (WQI) assessment. In two of the studied facilities, nine microplastic polymers were targeted (i.e. PVC, PS, PET, PE, PC, NG, PMMA, PP and PA6) and analyzed using the thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GCMS) technique. PVC, PS, PET and PA6 were commonly detected in the influent and effluent. The effluent quality from type A and D systems was found to comply with the European Commission's guideline for the reuse of reclaimed water except for the indicator bacteria concentration.
对四种不同类型（A、B、C 和 D）的 8 个现场灰水处理设施进行了调查。其中 3 个是市售的成套设备（A-C），1 个是常规砂滤器（D）。A型处理单元由土工织物滴滤器和砂滤器底层组成，B 型由纤维状矿棉过滤材料包组成，C 型由细网塑料过滤器组成。从去除有机物（如 BOD、COD、TOC）、营养物（氮和磷）、表面活性剂、指示菌（大肠杆菌和肠球菌）以及微塑料的角度评估了处理系统的效率。系统 A 和 D 有效地将 BOD、COD 和 TOC 的去除率降低了>96%、>94%和>90%。它们的出水 BOD<29mg/l。BOD 在 B 和 C 型处理设施中的去除率在 70-95%之间。所有设施中阴离子表面活性剂的去除率均>90%，出水浓度<1mg/l。总的来说，处理系统去除大肠杆菌和肠球菌的效果不佳；最有效的是砂滤器（D 型），对大肠杆菌的去除率为 1.4-3.8 对数，对肠球菌的去除率为 2.3-3.3 对数。由于出水大肠杆菌含量高，所有现场系统根据水质指数（WQI）评估均被归类为差（得分：0-44）。在研究的两个设施中，目标是检测九种微塑料聚合物（即 PVC、PS、PET、PE、PC、NG、PMMA、PP 和 PA6），并使用热提取解吸气相色谱-质谱联用（TED-GCMS）技术进行分析。在进水和出水中均检测到 PVC、PS、PET 和 PA6。A 和 D 型系统的出水质量符合欧盟委员会对再生水再利用的指南，除了指示菌浓度外。
