The efficacy of the food-grade antimicrobial xanthorrhizol against is associated with McsL channel expression.

BACKGROUND

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains demonstrates the urgent need for new antimicrobials. Xanthorrhizol, a plant-derived sesquiterpenoid compound, has a rapid killing effect on methicillin-susceptible strains and methicillin-resistant strains of achieving the complete killing of staphylococcal cells within 2 min using 64 μg/mL xanthorrhizol. However, the mechanism of its action is not yet fully understood.

METHODS

The cells treated with xanthorrhizol were studied using optical diffraction tomography. Activity of xanthorrhizol against the wild-type and null mutant of ATCC 29213 strain was evaluated in the time-kill assay. Molecular docking was conducted to predict the binding of xanthorrhizol to the SaMscL protein.

RESULTS

Xanthorrhizol treatment of cells revealed a decrease in cell volume, dry weight, and refractive index (RI), indicating efflux of the cell cytoplasm, which is consistent with the spontaneous activation of the mechanosensitive MscL channel. ATCC 29213Δ was significantly more resistant to xanthorrhizol than was the wild-type strain. Xanthorrhizol had an enhanced inhibitory effect on the growth and viability of exponentially growing ATCC 29213Δ cells overexpressing the SaMscL protein and led to a noticeable decrease in their viability in the stationary growth phase. The amino acid residues F5, V14, M23, A79, and V84 were predicted to be the residues of the binding pocket for xanthorrhizol. We also showed that xanthorrhizol increased the efflux of solutes such as K and glutamate from ATCC 29213Δ cells overexpressing SaMscL. Xanthorrhizol enhanced the antibacterial activity of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin, which targets the MscL protein.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that xanthorrhizol targets the SaMscL protein in cells and may have important implications for the development of a safe antimicrobial agent.