Goetz Morgan, Thotathil Naaz, Zhao Zongmin, Mitragotri Samir
John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Harvard University Allston Massachusetts USA.
Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering Boston Massachusetts USA.
Bioeng Transl Med. 2024 Mar 22;9(4):e10663. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10663. eCollection 2024 Jul.
Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines always include an antigen to tell the body what to vaccinate to, of equal importance the adjuvant provides the how, a significant factor in producing a complete response. The adjuvant space has been slow to develop with the first use of an adjuvant in a licensed vaccine occurring in the 1930s, and remaining the only adjuvant in licensed vaccines for the next 80 years. However, with vaccination at the forefront of protection against new and complex pathogens, it is important to consider all components when designing an effective vaccine. Here we summarize the adjuvant space in licensed vaccines as well as the novel adjuvant space in clinical trials with a specific focus on the materials utilized and their resulting impact on the immune response. We discuss five major categories of adjuvant materials: aluminum salts, nanoparticles, viral vectors, TLR agonists, and emulsions. For each category, we delve into the current clinical trials space, the impact of these materials on vaccination, as well as some of the ways in which they could be improved. Adjuvants present an exciting opportunity to improve vaccine responses and stability, this review will help inform about the current progress of this space.
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.
佐剂是添加到疫苗中以增强免疫反应的物质，是疫苗接种的重要组成部分，但常常被忽视。虽然疫苗总是包含一种抗原，告诉身体要针对什么进行免疫接种，但同样重要的是，佐剂提供了“如何”进行免疫接种的方式，这是产生完整免疫反应的一个重要因素。佐剂领域的发展较为缓慢，20世纪30年代首次在获批疫苗中使用佐剂，在接下来的80年里，它一直是获批疫苗中唯一的佐剂。然而，在针对新出现的复杂病原体的防护中，疫苗接种处于前沿位置，因此在设计有效疫苗时，考虑所有成分非常重要。在此，我们总结了获批疫苗中的佐剂领域以及临床试验中的新型佐剂领域，特别关注所使用的材料及其对免疫反应的影响。我们讨论了佐剂材料的五大类别：铝盐、纳米颗粒、病毒载体、Toll样受体激动剂和乳剂。对于每一类，我们深入探讨当前的临床试验情况、这些材料对疫苗接种的影响，以及它们可以改进的一些方面。佐剂为改善疫苗反应和稳定性提供了令人兴奋的机会，本综述将有助于了解该领域的当前进展。
在新冠疫情之后，传染病疫苗成为了焦点。虽然抗原一直是疫苗设计的重要重点，但佐剂是增强对疫苗免疫反应的重要工具，而这一领域在很大程度上尚未得到充分发展。本文广泛回顾了佐剂的历史、当前疫苗佐剂领域以及临床试验中佐剂的进展。特别强调了佐剂的材料情况及其作用机制。展望未来，虽然新型疫苗佐剂领域有令人兴奋的新技术和材料，但仍需要更多来满足新出现的复杂病原体的防护需求。
