Bhavdiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Ayodhya, UP, India.
Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
Metab Brain Dis. 2024 Aug;39(6):1231-1254. doi: 10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6. Epub 2024 Jul 24.
The mainstay behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown due to the elusive pathophysiology of the disease. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau is still widely incorporated in various research studies while studying AD. However, they are not sufficient. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have dug into AD studies to deliver many innovations in this field. Many novel biomarkers, such as phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase, clusterin, microRNA, and a new peptide ratio (Aβ37/Aβ42) in cerebral-spinal fluid, plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein, and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, are mushrooming. They are helping scientists find breakthroughs and substantiating their research on the early detection of AD. Neurovascular unit dysfunction in AD is a significant discovery that can help us understand the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. These new biomarkers are promising and can take these AD studies to another level. There have also been big steps forward in diagnosing and finding AD. One example is self-administered-gerocognitive-examination, which is less expensive and better at finding AD early on than mini-mental-state-examination. Quantum brain sensors and electrochemical biosensors are innovations in the detection field that must be explored and incorporated into the studies. Finally, novel innovations in AD studies like nanotheranostics are the future of AD treatment, which can not only diagnose and detect AD but also offer treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies to treat AD have also yielded interesting results. Our literature review spans from 1957 to 2022, capturing research and trends in the field over six decades. This review article is an update not only on the recent advances in the search for credible biomarkers but also on the newer detection techniques and therapeutic approaches targeting AD.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）的主要病因仍然未知，因为该病的病理生理学难以捉摸。β-淀粉样蛋白和磷酸化 Tau 仍然广泛应用于各种 AD 研究中。然而，它们并不足以全面了解 AD。因此，许多科学家和研究人员深入研究 AD，在该领域取得了许多创新。许多新型生物标志物，如脑脊髓液中的磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶、神经节苷脂、microRNA 和新的肽比（Aβ37/Aβ42）、血浆神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白和脂质过氧化生物标志物，如雨后春笋般涌现。它们帮助科学家们取得突破，并为 AD 的早期检测提供研究依据。AD 中的神经血管单元功能障碍是一项重大发现，有助于我们理解神经元活动与脑血流之间的关系。这些新的生物标志物很有前途，可以将 AD 研究提升到一个新的水平。AD 的诊断和发现也取得了重大进展。例如，自我管理的认知评估比简易精神状态检查更便宜，并且更擅长早期发现 AD。量子脑传感器和电化学生物传感器是检测领域的创新，必须对其进行探索并应用于研究中。最后，AD 研究中的新创新，如纳米治疗学，是 AD 治疗的未来，它不仅可以诊断和检测 AD，还可以提供治疗。非药物治疗 AD 的策略也取得了有趣的结果。我们的文献综述涵盖了 1957 年至 2022 年的研究，捕捉了六十年间该领域的研究和趋势。这篇综述文章不仅更新了最近寻找可靠生物标志物的进展，还介绍了更新的检测技术和针对 AD 的治疗方法。
