Jodar-Abellan Antonio, Pardo Miguel Ángel, Asadollah Seyed Babak Haji Seyed, Bailey Ryan T
Soil and Water Conservation Research Group, Centre for Applied Soil Science and Biology of the Segura, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 30100, P.O. Box 164, Murcia, Spain.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Aug;31(36):49116-49140. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34404-5. Epub 2024 Jul 24.
Hydrological simulation in karstic areas is a hard task due to the intrinsic intricacy of these environments and the common lack of data related to their geometry. Hydrological dynamics of karstic sites in Mediterranean semiarid regions are difficult to be modelled mathematically owing to the existence of short wet episodes and long dry periods. In this paper, the suitability of an open-source SWAT method was checked to estimate the comportment of a karstic catchment in a Mediterranean semiarid domain (southeast of Spain), which wet and dry periods were evaluated using box-whisker plots and self-developed wavelet test. A novel expression of the Nash-Sutcliffe index for arid areas (ANSE) was considered through the calibration and validation of SWAT. Both steps were completed with 20- and 10-year discharge records of stream (1996-2015 to calibrate the model as this period depicts minimum gaps and 1985-1995 to validate it). Further, SWAT assessments were made with records of groundwater discharge and relating SWAT outputs with the SIMPA method, the Spain's national hydrological tool. These methods, along with recurrent neural network algorithms, were utilised to examine current and predicted water resources available to supply urban demands considering also groundwater abstractions from aquifers and the related exploitation index. According to the results, SWAT achieved a "very good" statistical performance (with ANSE of 0.96 and 0.78 in calibration and validation). Spatial distributions of the main hydrological processes, as surface runoff, evapotranspiration and aquifer recharge, were studied with SWAT and SIMPA obtaining similar results over the period with registers (1980-2016). During this period, the decreasing trend of rainfalls, characterised by short wet periods and long dry periods, has generated a progressive reduction of groundwater recharge. According to algorithms prediction (until 2050), this declining trend will continue reducing groundwater available to meet urban demands and increasing the exploitation index of aquifers. These results offer valuable information to authorities for assessing water accessibility and to provide water demands in karstic areas.
由于岩溶地区环境的内在复杂性以及普遍缺乏与地形相关的数据，在这些地区进行水文模拟是一项艰巨的任务。地中海半干旱地区岩溶地点的水文动态难以用数学方法建模，因为存在短暂的湿润期和漫长的干旱期。本文检验了开源的SWAT方法对估算地中海半干旱地区（西班牙东南部）岩溶流域行为的适用性，利用箱线图和自主开发的小波检验评估了该流域的干湿期。通过对SWAT模型的校准和验证，考虑了干旱地区Nash-Sutcliffe指数的一种新表达式（ANSE）。这两个步骤均使用了20年和10年的河流流量记录（1996 - 2015年用于校准模型，因为该时期数据缺口最小；1985 - 1995年用于验证模型）。此外，利用地下水排放记录进行了SWAT评估，并将SWAT输出结果与西班牙国家水文工具SIMPA方法相关联。这些方法与递归神经网络算法一起，用于研究当前和预测的可用于满足城市需求的水资源，同时考虑了从含水层抽取的地下水及其相关开采指数。根据结果，SWAT模型取得了“非常好”的统计性能（在校准和验证中ANSE分别为0.96和0.78）。利用SWAT和SIMPA研究了主要水文过程（如地表径流、蒸散和含水层补给）的空间分布，在有记录的时期（1980 - 2016年）获得了相似的结果。在此期间，降雨呈减少趋势，其特点是湿润期短、干旱期长，导致地下水补给逐渐减少。根据算法预测（到2050年），这种下降趋势将继续，减少可用于满足城市需求的地下水，并增加含水层的开采指数。这些结果为当局评估岩溶地区的水资源可及性和满足用水需求提供了有价值的信息。
