加拿大成年人全国代表性样本中超加工和最低限度加工食品摄入量的社会经济不平等：2004 年至 2015 年趋势分析。
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Intakes of Ultraprocessed and Minimally Processed Foods in Nationally Representative Samples of Adults in Canada: An Analysis of Trends between 2004 and 2015.
机构信息
Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
出版信息
J Nutr. 2024 Oct;154(10):3088-3104. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.029. Epub 2024 Jul 23.
BACKGROUND
Individuals with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP) often have higher intakes of ultraprocessed food (UPF) and lower intakes of minimally processed food (MPF); however, studies have not examined trends in absolute and relative gaps and gradients in UPF and MPF intake using multiple indicators of SEP.
OBJECTIVES
We examined within-year absolute and relative gaps and gradients in UPF and MPF intake and trends between 2004 and 2015 according to 6 indicators of SEP among nationally representative samples of adults in Canada.
METHODS
Adults (≥18 y) in the Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition 2004 (n = 20,880) or 2015 (n = 13,970) reported SEP (individual and household education, household income adequacy, household food insecurity, neighborhood material and social deprivation) and completed a 24-h dietary recall. Multivariable linear regression assessed within-year absolute and relative gaps and gradients in the proportion of energy from UPF and MPF and trends between 2004 and 2015.
RESULTS
The largest and most consistent within-year inequities in UPF and MPF intake were for individual and household educational attainment. Overall and among males, higher SEP groups had more favorable intakes over time based on trends in absolute and relative gaps and gradients in UPF and MPF intake by household food insecurity [for example, the absolute gap in UPF intake declined from -1.2% (95% confidence interval: -5.3%, 2.9%) to -7.9% of energy (95% confidence interval: -11.2%, -4.5%) in the overall population]. Overall and among males, lower SEP groups had more favorable intakes over time based on trends in absolute and relative gaps in UPF and MPF intake by neighborhood material deprivation.
CONCLUSIONS
Socioeconomic inequalities in UPF and MPF intake were most pronounced for individual and household education. Between 2004 and 2015, several inequalities in UPF and MPF intake emerged according to household food insecurity (favoring higher SEP groups) and neighborhood material deprivation (favoring lower SEP groups).
背景
社会经济地位（SEP）较低的个体通常摄入更多的超加工食品（UPF），而摄入的最低限度加工食品（MPF）较少；然而，这些研究并未使用多种 SEP 指标来检查 UPF 和 MPF 摄入的绝对和相对差距以及梯度的变化趋势。
目的
我们使用加拿大全国代表性成年人样本中 6 项 SEP 指标，检查了 2004 年和 2015 年期间 UPF 和 MPF 摄入的年内绝对和相对差距和梯度以及变化趋势。
方法
加拿大社区健康调查-营养 2004 年（n=20880）或 2015 年（n=13970）的成年人报告了 SEP（个人和家庭教育、家庭收入充足度、家庭食物不安全、邻里物质和社会剥夺）并完成了 24 小时膳食回忆。多变量线性回归评估了 UPF 和 MPF 能量比例的年内绝对和相对差距和梯度以及 2004 年至 2015 年期间的变化趋势。
结果
UPF 和 MPF 摄入的年内最大和最一致的不公平现象是个人和家庭的教育程度。总体而言，在男性中，根据 UPF 和 MPF 摄入的绝对和相对差距和梯度的变化趋势，较高的 SEP 群体随着时间的推移有更有利的摄入，这一点体现在家庭食物不安全方面[例如，在总人口中，UPF 摄入量的绝对差距从-1.2%（95%置信区间：-5.3%，2.9%）下降到-7.9%的能量（95%置信区间：-11.2%，-4.5%）]。总体而言，在男性中，随着时间的推移，根据邻里物质剥夺对 UPF 和 MPF 摄入的绝对差距的变化趋势，较低的 SEP 群体有更有利的摄入。
结论
UPF 和 MPF 摄入的社会经济不平等现象在个人和家庭教育方面最为明显。在 2004 年至 2015 年期间，根据家庭食物不安全（有利于较高的 SEP 群体）和邻里物质剥夺（有利于较低的 SEP 群体），UPF 和 MPF 摄入方面出现了一些不平等现象。
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