Extracellular matrix hydrogels with fibroblast growth factor 2 containing exosomes for reconstructing skin microstructures.

Decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel (ECM hydrogel), a natural material derived from normal tissue with unique biocompatibility properties, is widely used for tissue repair. However, there are still problems such as poor biological activity and insufficient antimicrobial property. To overcome these drawbacks, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF 2) containing exosome (exo) was prepared to increase the biological activity. Furthermore, the antimicrobial capacity of ECM hydrogel was optimised by using copper ions as a ligand-bonded cross-linking agent. The decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel, intricately cross-linked with copper ions through ligand bonds and loaded with FGF 2 containing exosome (exo@ECM/Cu hydrogel), has demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. In vitro, exo@ECM/Cu hydrogel effectively promoted cell proliferation, migration, antioxidant and inhibited bacterial growth. In vivo, the wound area of rat treated with exo@ECM/Cu hydrogels were significantly smaller than that of other groups at Day 5 (45.24% ± 3.15%), Day 10 (92.20% ± 2.31%) and Day 15 (95.22% ± 1.28%). Histological examination showed that exo@ECM/Cu hydrogels promoted angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Overall, this hydrogel has the potential to inhibit bacterial growth and effectively promote wound healing in a variety of clinical applications.