Gut Microbiota and Clinical Manifestations in Thai Pediatric Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder potentially linked to gut dysbiosis. This comparative cross-sectional study profiled the gut microbiota in 24 treatment-naïve Thai children diagnosed with ADHD and 24 healthy ones matched by age and gender (median age: 7 years). Fecal microbial compositions were genetically analyzed using 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The study findings indicated no statistically significant differences in microbial diversity between groups, although Firmicutes and Actinobacteria appeared dominant in both groups. Moreover, ADHD patients exhibited enrichment in , , , and genera, while healthy controls had higher levels of , , , and genera. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between and inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores, whereas the group and exhibited negative correlations with these symptomatology domains. Beta-carotene intake was associated with the group and : likewise, vitamin B2 intake was associated with . Additional research should aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms influencing clinical biomarkers that signify alterations in specific gut microbiome profiles linked to ADHD.